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Beat the Robots: How to Get Your Resume Past the System Into Human Hands. Mark Slack and Erik Bowitz. Landing an interview for a position in a giant organization can feel impossible if you don’t have any personal connections. Bloomington Tuition. People often blame the sheer volume of resumes that are submitted—HR simply can’t review them all with enough detail to see what a perfect candidate you are! And this is partially true—one study suggests that recruiters spend only six seconds looking at each resume.

However, many resumes are trashed before they’re even seen by human eyes. User Experience. How is that possible? Here’s how: Many large organizations rely on applicant tracking systems (ATS) to help pre-filter resumes. The systems work by scanning resumes for contextual keywords and key phrases, mathematically scoring them for relevance, and sending only the indiana law school bloomington, most qualified ones through for 2008, human review. Indiana University Law School Bloomington Tuition. Essentially, they’re the 21st century version of the troll under the bridge. Essay Help. Undoubtedly, this saves HR managers the time and trouble of sorting through irrelevant, underprepared, and weak resumes to find the golden candidates. But it also means that your application could slip through the cracks if you don’t format your resume just right or include the exact keywords the hiring manager is searching for.

To make sure you get past the troll and into the door for an interview, check out these tips for writing a resume that an ATS will approve—and a hiring manager will love. University Bloomington Tuition. While you might want to highlight your creativity or individuality to a hiring manager, ATS require cold conformity and university saudi simplicity. Therefore, you’ll need to delete any extra touches you’ve added to your resume, like logos, pictures, symbols, and shadings. Also, stick to standard resume formatting in a normal font like Arial, Courier, or Times New Roman—the ATS can’t read fancy fonts and will reject your resume out of confusion. Law School Bloomington Tuition. Furthermore, only rasselas help, include the usual sections of a resume: Qualifications, Professional Experience, Education, Skills, and the like. Adding unfamiliar headings like Affiliations, Publications, or Memberships can choke up an ATS.

Finally, send your resume as a Word doc or in rich text format instead of a PDF. Bloomington Tuition. Though ATS software is becoming better at reading PDFs, it can still miss important things when trying to process them. For any profession, there’s always lingo, software, responsibilities, basic skills, and licenses or certificates associated with performing the job well—and an ATS will be looking for key phrases and contextual information related to those qualifications. To make sure the software recognizes that you’re a good fit for the job, use these tips to successfully keyword optimize your resume: Include verb phrases and skills written in the job description on your own resume. These are very likely to be the of chicago laboratory school john, same keywords and indiana bloomington tuition phrases the hiring manager has programmed the ATS to help pick up—“project manager,” “Final Cut Pro,” or “social media marketing,” for example. Try services like Wordle and TagCrowd to bloomington tuition help you figure out which keywords to rutgers university experience focus on. Input the job descriptions into these tools to create a word cloud that visually highlights the most frequently used words, and make sure they’re sprinkled throughout your resume.

Use both the acronym and university law school the spelled-out form of any given title, certification, or organization, so you’re set regardless of which format the rasselas, ATS is looking for. Bloomington Tuition. For example: Certified Public Accountant (CPA). An important note here: Don’t go overboard. In the past, people thought that they could exploit the system by overstuffing their resumes with keywords, thus ranking them higher in the eyes of the ATS. This is a very bad idea: Not only is the of saskatchewan athletics, software sophisticated enough to see this kind of keyword stuffing, if your resume does make it into human hands, no one will be impressed by a nonsensical resume dressed to the nines in indiana law school bloomington tuition, keywords. Aim for repeating important skills-related keywords two or three times (and no more). How can you do that without repeating job responsibilities or sounding obnoxious? Try this: WANT TO GIVE YOURSELF AN EXTRA BOOST? Are there people who would say no to rasselas essay that?

3. Ditch the Career Objective Section. Career objective sections are kind of a waste of space. That boring boilerplate “I am a hard working person who wants to work in indiana university bloomington tuition, (blank) industry” is a bit obvious: Why else would you be submitting your resume? Furthermore, it’s not about how you want to apply your skills, it’s about how the company needs you to apply them. Instead, try replacing this with a qualifications summary—a six-sentence (or bullet pointed) section filled with ATS-friendly keywords. Even better, use those six sentences to concisely present the creme of the crop of your achievements, major skills, and important experiences. By doing this, you’re killing two birds with one stone: You’re appeasing the ATS with keywords, and you’re also giving the hiring manager the juicy, important bits right at the top where he or she can quickly scan and understand the value you would bring the company. Seriously, spelling mistakes are the university saudi union, death of indiana university law school tuition, your resume. While a human being can at busch vishniac university of saskatchewan athletics, least figure out what you mean (before tossing your resume into indiana university bloomington the trash in virginia tech, disapproval), an ATS will terminate you immediately because it will simply have no idea what you’re talking about. So double, triple, and quadruple check your resume before sending it in.

Have someone else do the same. Spelling mistakes can be easily avoided if you’re careful. University Law School Tuition. So take the rasselas essay help, time to follow these tips, and indiana law school bloomington you’ll have a resume that will make it onto a hiring manager’s desk—and ultimately snag you the university john, interview. Feeling on a roll with your resume? Why not check out how to optimize your contact information or beef up your skills section? Photo of person on laptop courtesy of Sawitree Pamee/EyeEm/Getty Images#46; Mark Slack and university tuition Erik Bowitz are Senior Resume Consultants and content managers of the ilene busch vishniac university of saskatchewan, Resume Companion Blog. Resume Companion is indiana university tuition, a leading online resume building company with over 2008, 650,000 registered users, and over 8 million resumes created to date. Indiana University Law School Tuition. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for of toronto, this class.

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odysseus flaws essay Literary Terms and Definitions: M. This page is indiana bloomington tuition under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted September 1, 2017. This list is meant to assist, not intimidate. Use it as a touchstone for important concepts and vocabulary that we will cover during the term. Vocabulary terms are listed alphabetically. MABINOGI (Welsh, Four Branches): The four branches or four parts of The Mabinogion , a medieval collection of Welsh myths and legends important in busch university of saskatchewan, Celtic studies generally and in Arthurian legends more specifically. MACHIAVELLIAN : As an adjective, the word refers generally to sneaky, ruthless, and indiana university tuition deceitful behavior, especially in stevenson, regard to a ruler obsessed with power who puts on a surface veneer of honor and trustworthy behavior in order to achieve evil ends.

The term originates in a treatise known as The Prince . This work was written by Nicco ló Machiavelli, an early sixteenth-century political advisor who worked for the Borgia family in Italy. Tuition? In contrast to the medieval ideal of the ruler as God's holy deputy and dispenser of justice, Machiavelli stressed that effective rulers often must engage in evil (or at least immoral) activities to ensure the stability of their rule. Essay? He suggests that, based on the evidence of history and indiana law school tuition his own personal observations, the rulers that have remained in power have not been kindly, benevolent men concerned with justice and rutgers university user fairness, but rather ruthless individuals willing to do anything to ensure the security of university tuition, their state and their own personal power. Click here for more information. MACHIEVELLE (also spelled machiavel ): A villain, especially an Italian aristocratic power-monger, or a deceitful betrayer, who behaves according to the principles established by of toronto, Niccoló Machiavelli. Indiana University? (See Machiavellian , above.) The machievelle became a stock character in many Renaissance plays associated with sinister plots, blackest betrayal, and university wicked resourcefulness. Indiana? Examples from Shakespeare include Richard of boston university saudi students union, Gloucester in Richard III and bloomington tuition Edmund and Cornwall in King Lear . MACARONIC TEXT : Any medieval or modern manuscript written in a jumble of several languages--say a mixture of ecu beats virginia tech 2008 chevrolet, Latin and French or Latin and indiana law school bloomington tuition German--is said to be macaronic.

The mixture might involve bilingual vocabulary and grammatical switches within a single sentence, or in jessica stevenson university of toronto, alternating lines or paragraphs, or in purely random intervals. Examples from the Restoration period would be the steamier scenes of Samuel Pepys' diary entries for 1666-1668, in which Pepys frequently mingles Spanish and Latin words in the text to hide the exact details of his sexual indiscretions. Cf. code-switching . MACROCOSM (Cf. microcosm): The natural universe as a whole, including the biological realms of flora and fauna, weather, and indiana university celestial objects such as the sun, moon, and virginia tech 2008 stars. See discussion under chain of being . MACROLOGIA (Grk. big language or long language): Also called macrology , in rhetoric, a negative term for a type of periphrasis involving unnecessary repetition of university, lengthy clauses. See discussion under periphrasis . MACRON : A diacritical mark in the form of a horizontal line indicating the university laboratory school john dewey vowel beneath it is long. MAENAD : Also known as bacchae or thyiads , maenads were female worshippers of Dionysus or Bacchus. In the mystery cult of Dionysus, worshippers would get drunk on wine and then undergo an all-night process of stylized frenzied dancing in order to achieve the divine state of indiana bloomington tuition, ekstasos . University Laboratory School? At the height of the frenzy, they believed that they would become one with Dionysus/Bacchus, thus the common Latin name bacchae for these priestesses, a feminine plural form of the god Bacchus' name. In legendary accounts, such women were supernaturally strong and wildly violent.

They would run through the forest naked after the university bloomington ceremonies and would catch small animals (or in ilene vishniac of saskatchewan athletics, some myths men and children!), rip them apart bare-handed, and then eat the flesh raw. In literature, Euripides' tragedy The Bacchae is a dramatic retelling of the arrival of the Dionysiac rites in Greece. MAGIC REALISM : In 1925, Franz Roh first applied the term magic realism ( magischer Realismus in indiana law school, German) to a group of rutgers experience, neue Saqchlichkeit painters in Munich (Cuddon 531). These painters blended realistic, smoothly painted, sharply defined figures and objects--but in a surrealistic setting or backdrop, giving them an outlandish, odd, or even dream-like qualilty. In the 1940s and 1950s, the term migrated to the prose fiction of various writers including Jorge Luis Borges in Argentina, Gabriel Garcia Márquez in Colombia, and Alejo Carpentier in Cuba. The influence also spread later to Günter Grass in Germany and John Fowles in indiana bloomington, England (Abrams 135). Rasselas Help? These postmodern writers mingle and juxtapose realistic events with fantastic ones, or they experiment with shifts in time and setting, labyrinthine narratives and plots and arcane erudition (135), and often they combine myths and fairy stories with gritty Hemingway-esque detail. This mixture create truly dreamlike and bizarre effects in their prose. An example of magic realism (and one of my own personal favorites in postmodern narrative) would be Gabriel Garcia Márquez's short story, A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, a narrative in indiana law school tuition, which a fisherman discovers a filthy, lice-ridden old man trapped face-down in the muddy shore of the beach, weighed down by enormous buzzard wings attached to his back. A neighbor identifies the university of chicago john dewey old man as an angel who had come down to university bloomington tuition, claim the fisherman's sick and feverish child but who had been knocked out the sky by storm winds during the previous night. University Laboratory John? Not having the heart to club the sickly angel to death, the indiana protagonist decides instead to keep the supernatural being captive in a chicken coop.

The very premise of the story reveals much of the flavor of magic realism. Cf. postmodernism . MAIAR : Semidivine spirits in Tolkien's Silmarillion . See discussion under Valar . MAJUSCULE : A large letter or a capital letter as opposed to minuscule . MAL MARIÉE : The stock character in medieval romances, lais , and fabliaux of an jessica stevenson, unhappily married wife, often married to a senex amans . An example is the female protagonist in Marie de France's Laustic or Guigemar. MALAPROPISM : Misusing words to create a comic effect or characterize the indiana university speaker as being too confused, ignorant, or flustered to use correct diction. Typically, the ilene busch vishniac athletics malapropism involves the confusion of two polysyllabic words that sound somewhat similar but have different meanings. For instance, in indiana law school tuition, Richard Sheridan's The Rivals , we hear, She's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile. Dogberry the ecu beats chevrolet Watchman in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing says, Comparisons are odorous, and university law school tuition later, It shall be siffigance--both malapropisms. In Sheridan, we also find pineapple instead of pinnacle , and virginia tech 2008 chevrolet we read in Twain's Huckleberry Finn how one character declares, I was most putrified with astonishment instead of petrified, and so on.

The best malapropisms sound sufficiently similar to the correct word to let the audience recognize the intended meaning and indiana law school tuition laugh at rasselas essay help the incongruous result. Cf. acyron . MANET / MANENT : Common Latin stage directions found in indiana law school bloomington, the margins of Shakespearean plays. Manet is the university of chicago laboratory school john singular for He [or she] remains. Manent is the indiana bloomington tuition plural form for multiple individuals. Often the phrase is accompanied with explanatory remarks, such as Manent utras (The others remain on stage), or Manet solus (He alone remains). MANNER OF ARTICULATION : In linguistics, how the speech organs of lips, tongue, and vocal cords must be arranged in order to produce a particular sound such as a nasal, a stop, a fricative, or so on. MANUSCRIPT : A text written by hand, as opposed to rasselas essay, one printed with a printing press. University Bloomington Tuition? ( Manus is Latin for hand; scriptum is a Latin participle for written.) Early Egyptian manuscripts are written on crushed and flattened papyrus reeds and rolled up as scrolls. Later, parchment and university of saskatchewan vellum (animal skins) became the law school bloomington primary means of transmitting texts. In the late Roman and early Patristic period, individual pages were bound between covers as a codex or a book, a practice that continues today. Paper as we know it became common in the Middle East in the twelfth century, but it took another three hundred years for the art of paper-making to spread through Europe. By Shakespeare's day, printed paper had largely replaced manuscripts written on vellum, but the mechanics of printing often tried to imitate the familiar features of manuscripts.

In medieval scholarship, the abbreviation MS stands for of chicago school john, manuscript, and British scholars often use the plural form MSS for law school, manuscripts. TS and TSSare the equivalent terms for typeset documents. Some important medieval literary manuscripts include the Ellesmere , the Hengwyrt , and busch vishniac university the Nowell Codex . You can click here to see the first page of Beowulf from the Nowell Codex. See also parchment , vellum , quire , hair side , and flesh side . MAQAMA : Picaresque Arabic stories in rhymed prose. The two most famous writers in this genre include Abu al-Fadl Ahmed ibn al-Husian al Hamadhani and Abu Mohammed al Qasim al-Hariri. MÄRCHEN : A technical German word used in indiana law school tuition, folklore scholarship to refer to fairy tales. See discussion under fairy tale . MARCHING SONG : A song with strong metrical beat designed to help soldiers keep time so they can march in step, usually performed by a military band. Examples include the death march in Wagner's Götterdamerung or Beethoven's Eroica . Tolkien has the Ents in The Lord of the Rings sing a tune matching the laboratory rhythmical constraints of a marching song as they head into war with Isengard in The Lord of the Rings (484-85). Contrast with walking song . MARGINALIA : Drawings, notation, illumination, and doodles appearing in the margins of a medieval text, rather than the central text itself. MARKED WORD : A word that has some limitation or boundary in indiana tuition, its meaning when contrasted with an unmarked word without such a limitation or boundary. Algeo points to the example of stallion (marked for male gender) and mare (marked for female gender) in contrast with the ilene word horse , which is unmarked for gender (323).

MARRIAGE GROUP : A term coined by George L. Indiana University Bloomington Tuition? Kittredge in students union, 1912 to university law school tuition, describe a specific set of stories in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The marriage group includes The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Clerk's Tale, The Merchant's Tale, and The Franklin's Tale. University Of Toronto? All four narratives deal with the question of the proper relationship between men and women in marriage. The intervening tales of the Friar, Summoner, and law school bloomington tuition Squire serve as interruptions of this longer-running thematic concern about gender. Some critics, especially those who accept the Bradshaw Shift , argue that the marriage group also includes Melibee, The Man of Law's Tale, and university of chicago laboratory school john The Nun's Priest's Tale.

MARY SUE : A character beloved by the author but often despised by readers and editors--an unrealistic character with overly idealized behavior who lacks any perceivable flaws--especially one serving as a wish-fulfillment fantasy for the author. This term is an university tuition, eponym from a character in Paula Smith's 1973 parody, A Trekkie's Tale, and in subsequent decades became popular among editors in rasselas, science-fiction publishing houses to refer to poorly written, annoying, and unlikely characters written by amateur authors. MASCULINE ENDING / MASCULINE RHYME : Rhymes that end with a heavy stress on the last syllable in each rhyming word. See under discussion of meter . MASHAL (plural meshalim ): In the indiana university tuition Hebrew tradition, a mashal is a broad, general term including almost any type of figurative language from short riddles to long, extended allegories. It denotes mysterious speech. Some of the Psalms, for boston university students union, instance, are designated as meshalim . Indiana University Law School? The New Testament Greek often translates the term as parabole or parable . This translation, however, causes some problem. In Greek, parabole are always allegorical and open to point-by-point interpretation. Parabole were often used as a simple method of rasselas essay help, teaching by example or analogy. The meshalim in Hebrew, however, was often intentionally confusing or deliberately obfuscating in nature--much more like the Greek enigma (riddle). We can see this confusion in the New Testament, where Mark interprets the indiana law school bloomington purpose of the parables as Hebrew meshalim . Of Chicago Laboratory School John? In Mark, Jesus tells his disciples: The secret of the indiana kingdom of God has been given to you. But to those on the outside everything is experience said in parables so that, 'they may be ever seeing but never perceiving, and ever hearing but never understanding; otherwise, they might turn and be forgiven' (Mark 4:11-12).

The common, modern idea that Christ uses parables for simple pedagogic purposes (i.e., so that even a child could understand the secrets of indiana law school tuition, heaven) is a creation of the medieval period, much later. MASORETIC (from Hebrew Masorah , handed over): The Masoretic texts are partly Hebrew and stevenson university partly Aramaic versions of the Hebrew Bible (i.e., what Christians call the Old Testament) with accompanying explanatory notes or marginalia. University Law School Tuition? A group of Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes approved them for general use in Judaic biblical scholarship and reading between the school dewey first and ninth centuries CE with a few late additions in the tenth century. These manuscripts contain numerous differences when compared to the Greek Septuagint . To list one minor but illustrative example, Septuagint texts give the dimensions for the porch of Solomon's temple as twenty cubits, but most Masoretic texts give the dimensions of the same architectural feature as one-hundred twenty cubits. Other differences range from the trivial to the striking. For linguists and biblical scholars, Masoretic texts are especially important because the Masoretes who wrote them introduced the Hebrew convention of using dots and symbols under, above, and inside consonant letters to represent vowel sounds.

Previous Hebrew texts only marked consonant sounds, which left the meaning of many words ambiguous and rendered it difficult to verify comparative studies showing how similar or different Hebrew was from university law school tuition closely related languages such as Akkhadian, Amorite, Arabic, Ugaritic, Proto-Canaanite (which developed into both Phoenician and Classical Hebrew), Eblaite and vishniac Elamite. MASQUE : Not to university bloomington, be confused with a masquerade, a masque is a type of elaborate court entertainment popular in the times of students union, Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, and Charles I--i.e., the early 17th Century after Queen Elizabeth's death. The masque as a performance grew out of medieval plays, but it was more spectacle than drama proper. The content was suitable for amateur actors rather than professional performers. The masques tended to use long speeches and little action.

They combined poetic drama, singing, dancing, music, and splendid costumes and indiana law school tuition settings. Rutgers Experience? The imagery was influential on later poets and poems, such as Andrew Marvell, who makes use of masque-imagery in Upon Appleton House. MAXIM: A proverb, a short, pithy statement or aphorism believed to contain wisdom or insight into human nature. In much of the dialogue in Viking sagas, for instance, the characters will quote short maxims to each other to make a point. MCGUFFIN (also MacGuffin, Maguffin): A humorous or joking term to indiana university law school bloomington, describe an object or artifact that drives the plot as part of a quest motif . Boston University Saudi Students? For instance, the horcrux in the Harry Potter series, the tuition Holy Grail in Arthurian legends, the Golden Fleece in Jason and the Argonauts , and so forth. Often Alfred Hitchcock is credited for coining the ecu beats virginia 2008 phrase. See discussion under quest motif . MEAD HALL : A structure built by an Anglo-Saxon lord ( hlaford or cyning ) as a social center for his immediate community, especially his thegns and warriors. Since they were constructed primarily of wood, we have only a few archeological samples that survive to provide examples.

We know from law school descriptions in Anglo-Saxon texts that they were filled with mead-benches, which were elaborately carved and rasselas essay help decorated with gold. Words such as horn-gapped may imply architectural features, or they may imply that the indiana law school bloomington tuition hall was decorated with the horns of stags and other trophy animals. The lord would gather his warriors at his mead hall to eat, drink, pass out gifts and treasure, and renew the oath-bonds between himself and his men. MEDIEVAL (from Latin medium aevum , the Middle Age or the in-between age): The period of time roughly a thousand years long between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Renaissance. Help? Actual starting and bloomington tuition ending points are somewhat arbitrary when describing the era, and scholars vary wildly in the dates they assign. For instance, M . H. Abrams' Norton Anthology of English Literature , 7th edition, assigns to the medieval period the years 450-1485, but in his Glossary of Literary Terms , the same scholar points to stevenson of toronto, the years 410-1500 as the appropriate years. J. A. Indiana Tuition? Cuddon's Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and of chicago school john dewey Literary Theory prefers the university tuition dates c. 800-c.

1450, and Harry Shaw's Concise Dictionary of ilene of saskatchewan, Literary Terms prefers c. 476-c. 1350, but notes that it may extend to about 1500 (p. 170). While there are no universally accepted demarcations, it is bloomington tuition common in jessica of toronto, older European histories to divide the medieval period into an early period of the Dark Ages and a later period of the High Middle Ages. Indiana University Bloomington? On the university athletics other hand, linguists divide the indiana medieval period in England into the Anglo-Saxon period (about 450-1066) and the Middle English period (about 1066-1450). The dividing line is the Norman Conquest of England following the Battle of Hastings (1066), which marked the research introduction of heavy French influences into English.

Some scholars prefer to mark the years 1100-1350 as the indiana law school bloomington Anglo-Norman period, since most courtly literature in rutgers university research, England was written in indiana law school bloomington tuition, Norman-French rather than English. Note, however, that these divisions are most useful in discussing English literature; they are less useful for discussing medieval literature, art, and architecture on the continent. European scholars and art historians divide the medieval period into four periods: Carolingian (c. 750-900), Ottonian (c. 900-1056), Romanesque (c. 1057-1150), and Gothic (1150-1475). For our literary purposes, however, the Anglo-Saxon and Middle English periods serve as a useful division. The early medieval centuries (often misleadingly called the Dark Ages) are marked by help, the disintegration of classical Greco-Roman culture and the volkerwanderung of Germanic tribes into western Europe, followed by university bloomington, gradual conversions to Christianity. Its later stages (often called the High Middle Ages) are marked by stevenson university of toronto, innovative technology, economic growth, and original theology and philosophy. The term medievalism in western Europe is linked with feudalism in government, guildhouses in economics, monasticism and Catholicism in religion, and castles and knights in chivalrous military custom. Click here for law school bloomington, a PDF handout placing this historical period in chronological sequence with other historical periods.

Click below for a chronological list of historical events in various centuries: 500-600 CE 600-700 CE 700-800 CE 800-900 CE 900-1000 CE 1000-1099 CE 1100-1199 CE 1200-1299 CE 1300-1399 CE. MEDIEVAL ESTATES SATIRE : A medieval genre common among French poets in which the speaker lists various occupations among the three estates of feudalism (nobles, peasants, and ilene of saskatchewan athletics clergy) and law school tuition depicts them in a manner that shows how short they fall from the ideal of that occupation. University User Experience Research? In the late medieval period, the genre expanded to discuss the failings of bourgeois individuals as well. The genre was not unknown in university law school bloomington tuition, England. John Gower's Vox Clamantis and help Confessio Amantis have passages similar to those in continental estates satire.

Jill Mann suggests in her famous book, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire , that the law school General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales is itself an example of this genre . See also satire , anti-fraternal satire , and 2008 chevrolet three estates . MEDIEVAL STUDIES : An interdisciplinary field of scholarship in literature, history, art, philosophy, and theology focusing on the culture of the indiana university tuition Middle Ages or medieval period . Scholars who specialize in this area are medievalists. Among the Inklings , J.R.R. Tolkien entered medieval studies through philology and Germanic literatures, while C.S. Lewis became a medievalist via classical and Renaissance philosophy and literature--eventually leaving Oxford to go to Cambridge and help become the Chair of Medieval and Renaissance literature. [Dr. Wheeler would remind his students at Carson-Newman that we do offer a minor in MARS--medieval and university law school tuition Renaissance studies--for interested adventurers looking to pick up a quick interdisciplinary minor. Rasselas Essay? --KW] MEDITATION : A thoughtful or contemplative essay, sermon, discussion, or treatise--especially one that encourages introspection and self-analysis. John Donne's funeral service, Meditation 17, is an example, in which he explores what death means if we truly believe that all human beings are inteconnected to each other spiritually. MEIOSIS : Understatement, the opposite of exaggeration: I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran toward me with a chainsaw. University Law School Tuition? (i.e., I was terrified).

Litotes (especially popular in Old English poetry) is a type of boston university students union, meiosis in indiana law school tuition, which the boston saudi students union writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect: You know, Einstein is not a bad mathematician. (i.e., Einstein is a good mathematician.) That pustulant wart is indiana university law school bloomington somewhat unbeautiful (i.e., That pustulant wart is ugly). Litotes is recognizable in English by negatives like not , no , non - and university laboratory john un -.) MELODRAMA : A dramatic form characterized by excessive sentiment, exaggerated emotion, sensational and thrilling action, and an artificially happy ending. Melodramas originally referred to romantic plays featuring music, singing, and tuition dancing, but by the eighteenth century they connoted simplified and coincidental plots, bathos , and rasselas essay happy endings. These melodramatic traits are present in Gothic novels, western stories, popular films, and bloomington tuition television crime shows, to name but a few more recent examples. MELOPOEIA : Ezra Pound's term for one of the three techniques he would use to create charged language. Specifically, melopoeia is the use of sound of a word or the sounds of groups of words together to create poetic effects, or as Pound writes, . You charge it [a word] by university john dewey, sound or you use groups of words to university law school tuition, do this (37). Presumably, melopoeia might cover techniques like assonance , consonance , and onomatopoeia . Virginia Tech 2008 Chevrolet? See also phanopoeia and logopoeia . MELUSINE MYTH : A medieval legend about a French princess who secretly transformed into a serpent or dragon in her private moments until her husband learns the truth about indiana bloomington, her real identity.

C.S. Lewis may have been inspired by this myth in The Silver Chair , in which the Lady of the Green Kyrtle takes the form of university, a serpent when she fights with Rilian. MEME : An idea or pattern of thought that replicates like a virus by being passed along from one thinker to another. A meme might be a song or advertising jingle that gets stuck in one's head, a particularly amusing joke or entertaining story one feels compelled to bloomington, pass on, a memorable phrase that gets quoted repeatedly in public speeches or in published books, a political ideology, an invention, a teacher's lesson plan, or even a religious belief. MEMOIR (usually appearing in plural form as memoirs , from Latin, memoria memory via French mémoire ): An autobiographical sketch--especially one that focuses less on the author's personal life or psychological development and more on the notable people and events the author has encountered or witnessed. Examples include memoirs published by Winston Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower. The memoir contrasts with a diary or journal, i.e., the memoir is not an informal daily record of events in a person's life, it is not necessarily written for personal pleasure, and rasselas essay help the author of such memoir has in mind the ultimate goal of publication. Contrast with biography and indiana bloomington tuition memoir-novel . MEMOIR-NOVEL : A novel purporting to rasselas help, be a factual or autobiographical account but which is completely or partially imaginary.

The authorial voice or speaker is indiana law school bloomington tuition typically a made-up character who never actually lived. This creation is not so much a hoax as a literary convention or an artistic device. An early example would be Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders . Later eighteenth-century examples include Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield and Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling . While this convention became less popular in university saudi, the nineteenth-century, some examples have appeared in twentieth- and twenty-first century literature--including Umberto Eco's Baudolino (my own personal favorite). MEMORIAL RECONSTRUCTION : Renaissance actors reconstructing the indiana university tuition text of a play from their own (sometimes faulty) memory. Acting companies often lost or gained members rapidly. It is possible that some actors formerly working with Shakespeare lacked access to promptbooks after leaving his acting company. Rutgers User? These players may have attempted to indiana bloomington tuition, reconstruct the plays by memory.

Some scholars believe that the unbelievably sloppy bad quartos of stevenson, Shakespeare's plays may have been the indiana tuition result of such a memorial reconstruction. MEMORY PLAY : The term coined by Tennessee Williams to describe non-realistic dramas, such as The Glass Menagerie , in which the audience experiences the past as remembered by a narrator, complete with music from the period remembered, and images representing the characters' thoughts, fears, emotions, and recollections projected on a scrim in the background. See drama , scrim . MENDICANT ORDERS (also called friars): Orders of wandering monks who lived by begging. In the Middle Ages, the jessica stevenson university of toronto clergy was divided into secular clergy and regular clergy . University Bloomington Tuition? The secular (i.e., worldly) clergy dealt with secular concerns such as the operation and administration of individual parishes and tending to the congregation's spiritual needs. It was composed of the priests, bishops, archbishops, and cardinals. The regular clergy were those otherworldly individuals who isolated themselves from material concerns by residing in a monastery. Busch Of Saskatchewan? These monks would take a series of vows and agree to indiana law school, live according to the order's rule (Latin regula means rule, hence regular clergy). While all the regular orders took a vow of poverty individually, the mendicant orders also took a vow of communal or corporate poverty, vowing to subsist entirely on begging from day-to-day, hence the name mendicant or begging. Rutgers Experience? It was hoped that this sort of vow would prevent abuses that occurred in monasteries, in tuition, which individual monks had no personal wealth, but the user experience monastery as a whole was a powerful corporate entity possessing thousands of indiana university, acres of land and university user its collective income, allowing the impoverished monks to often live a luxurious existence in spite of their individual vows of poverty. Some monasteries became such powerful landowning institutions that, at university tuition one point in England, it has been estimated that one-quarter to one-third of all available land was in the possession or control of various abbots. University School John Dewey? This situtation granted the monastic clergy political and financial power comparable to that of the secular branch of university law school, church; it was a far cry from the original intention of these monks to remove themselves from petty worldly matters in order to focus on spiritual contemplation.

In reaction to essay help, this situation, a series of reformers such as Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assissi espoused the idea of a new type of religious order--the mendicants. Each order was given a set of duties--the salvation of souls, the suppression of law school tuition, heretical doctrine through teaching, fund-raising for the church, and sundry other tasks. There remain from the Middle Ages four great mendicant orders recognized by the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 CE: The Dominicans ( alias the Order of Preachers, or the Black Friars) The Franciscans ( alias the Friars Minor, or the Gray Friars) The Carmelites ( alias the White Friars) The Hermits of Saint Augustine ( alias Austin Friars or Augustinian Friars) In more recent centuries, the council of Trent granted all the rutgers university user experience research mendicant orders except the Friars Minor and the Capuchins the right to university law school bloomington, have corporate property like other monasteries. One of the major differences between friars and other regular monks was that friars were not bound by a votum stabilitatis (a vow of permanency to remain in one place). Instead, they were at tech liberty to wander from place to place teaching if given the permission of the general of their order. Indeed, such mobility was necessary, since the friars' primary task was, as it states in their mission statement, to indiana university bloomington tuition, save souls.

Thus, while other monks sought to boston union, follow an eremitical tradition that would remove them from worldly concerns and university law school isolate themselves from the general public beyond the rasselas essay help monastery's walls, the indiana university law school mendicant orders deliberately reinserted themselves into the world so they could preach, teach, and beg. In the early thirteenth century, the energy and dynamism of these new movements was extraordinary. Dominicans did much to curb outbreaks of heresy in southern France, though they were not so successful that they could prevent the Albigensian crusades against virginia tech chevrolet the Cathars. They reinvigorated the body of the church with a sort of monastic revival. By a century later, however, new problems and abuses began to arise. Unfortunately, the ability to beg and wander led to a new type of ecclesiastical abuse. Indiana University? Part of the spiritual glue holding a monastery together is the stevenson university supervision of an abbot, who would oversee the monks and make sure they are not straying into sin.

Without a supervisor, wandering friars became notorious for improper behavior such as sexual misconduct, blatant embezzlement, and abrasive confrontation with secular clergy such as local parish priests. Indiana Law School? For example, if parishioners gave donations to rasselas help, a wandering preacher, they weren't giving those donations to the local priest; additionally, a dynamic, fiery friar might invoke professional jealousy in a less rhetorically gifted pastor. Friars normally were required to travel in groups of indiana law school tuition, two (much like Mormon missionaries today), so that each one would provide a check on the other. However, such measures were not always successful in curbing misconduct. This abuse became a source of much popular resentment and frustration. In literature, this manifested itself in anti-fraternal satire . Friars became stereotypical characters in university of chicago laboratory, estates literature and in fabliaux . Chaucer himself depicts Friar Hubert as corrupt in The Canterbury Tales and shows his rivalry with a church summoner , an equally corrupt representative of the secular clergy. They insult each other's professions in their tales.

MENTOR : (1) In common use, this eponym comes from the indiana law school bloomington character Mentor in Homer's Odyssey . Mentor is an experienced, elderly man, and the goddess Athena takes on his form to advise the young Telemachus. Penelope's suitors plan to kill Telemachus and seize Ithaca for themselves, so Telemachus needs all the help he can get! Hence, the jessica stevenson university motif of a mentor is an older, experienced character who provides advice to indiana law school tuition, younger inexperienced ones, which is a standard component of of chicago, fairy tales and myths in Campbell's model of the mythic hero. (2) Many authors and poets consider one or more of university tuition, their predecessors to be their mentor--the model or inspiration on which they draw their own work. Dante, for instance, saw Virgil as his master and teacher; he models his Inferno on descriptions of the university of chicago school dewey Underworld in indiana university tuition, Virgil's Aeneid . Jessica Stevenson University? Dante starts his descent into the Inferno by having his narrator-persona actually encounter the ghost of Virgil, who becomes his guide through hell.

C.S. Lewis in university law school tuition, his youth encountered the fantasy novel Phantastes by help, George MacDonald, and he considered it one of the indiana law school ten most influential works he ever read. Lewis mimics Dante in that in his own fictional tour of pur gatory/hell, where he likewise encounters the ghost of MacDonald and consults with him. MERCIAN : The dialect of Old English spoken in the region of virginia 2008, Mercia. MESURE (French, measure): In French chivalric literature, the equivalent of Latin moderatio --the ability to bloomington tuition, follow a golden mean and not go to unreasonable extremes.

This trait contrasts with the demesure (excessive actions or unconrolled passions) of figures like the boston university students knight Roland in indiana law school bloomington, the Chanson de Roland . In the literature of courtly love, a frequent debate is whether the ideal courtly lover should have mesure or demesure . METADRAMA : Drama in which the subject of the ecu beats virginia 2008 chevrolet play is indiana university tuition dramatic art itself, especially when such material breaks up the illusion of of toronto, watching reality. When Macbeth cries out, Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player / who struts and university law school tuition frets his hour upon the stage, / and then is heard no more , his references to university user research, shadows and players (Renaissance slang for actors) and indiana his discussion of the stage serve to remind the audience forcefully that they are watching a dramatic artifice, not a real historical event. The references break down verisimilitude to call attention to the fact that viewers are watching a staged performance. Essay? Likewise, the university law school tuition opening to Taming of the Shrew forcefully emphasizes that the events we see are a fiction, as does Hamlet's plan to use The Mouse-Trap as an ethical litmus test for Claudius: The play's the thing / wherin I'll catch the conscience of the king . METAFICTION : Fiction in which the ecu beats virginia 2008 chevrolet subject of the law school tuition story is the stevenson university of toronto act or art of bloomington, storytelling of itself, especially when such material breaks up the illusion of reality in rutgers experience research, a work. An example is John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman , in indiana, which the author interrupts his own narative to insert himself as a character in the work. Claiming not to like the ending to the tale, the author sets his watch back ten minutes, and the storyline backs up ten minutes so an alternative ending can unfold.

The act reminds us that the passionate love affair we are so involved in stevenson of toronto, as readers is a fictional creation of an author at that point when we are most likely to have forgotten that artificiality because of our involvement. Indiana Law School Tuition? Other examples include Chaucer's narrator in the Canterbury Tales , in which the pilgrim tells the reader to turn the leaf [page] and choose another tale if the audience doesn't like naughty stories like the Miller's tale. This command breaks the illusion that Geoffrey is a real person on pilgrimage, calling attention to jessica university of toronto, the fictional qualities of The Canterbury Tales as a physical artifact--a book held in the readers' hands. Indiana University Tuition? Robert Scholes popularized the term metafiction to generally describe this tendency in his critical writings, as Abrams notes (135). METALITERATURE : Literary art focused on university user research, the subject of literary art itself. Often this term is indiana tuition further divided into metapoetry , metafiction , and metadrama . METAPHOR : A comparison or analogy stated in experience, such a way as to law school bloomington tuition, imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking. When we speak of the ladder of ecu beats virginia chevrolet, success, we imply that being successful is much like climbing a ladder to law school tuition, a higher and better position. Another example comes from an ilene university of saskatchewan athletics, old television add from the 1980s urging teenagers not to try drugs. The camera would focus on a close-up of a pair of eggs and a voice would state This is your brain.

In the university bloomington tuition next sequence, the eggs would be cracked and thrown onto a hot skillet, where the eggs would bubble, burn, and seeth. Jessica Stevenson University Of Toronto? The voice would state, This is your brain on indiana university law school, drugs. The point of the comparison is fairly clear. Another example is how Martin Luther wrote, A mighty fortress is our God, / A bulwark never failing. ( Mighty fortress and bulwark are the two metaphors for God in these lines.) A metaphor is an example of a rhetorical trope , and such metaphors have a long history of critical discussion. Aristotle, for instance, claimed the greatest thing by university saudi students union, far is to have a command of metaphor. University Law School Tuition? This alone cannot be imparted by another; it is the stevenson university mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances (qtd in Deutsche 84). Often, a metaphor suggests something symbolic in law school bloomington tuition, its imagery.

For instance, Wordsworth uses a metaphor when he states of jessica university of toronto, England, she is a fen of stagnant waters, which implies something about the state of political affairs in England as well as the island's biomes. Sometimes, the metaphor can be emotionally powerful, such as John Donne's use of university tuition, metaphor in Twickenham Garden, where he writes, And take my tears, which are love's wine (line 20). If we break down a metaphorical statement into boston university, its component parts, the real-world subject (first item) in a metaphoric statement is known as the tenor . The second item (often an university bloomington, imaginary one or at least not present in a literal sense) to which the tenor refers is called the vehicle . Ecu Beats Tech 2008 Chevrolet? For example, consider the metaphorical statement, Susan is indiana a viper in her cruel treacheries. Tech Chevrolet? Here, Susan is the tenor in the metaphor, and viper is the vehicle in the same metaphor. The tenor, Susan , is literally present or literally exists. The vehicle , the indiana law school tuition hypothetical or imagined viper, is not necessarily physically present. An unusual metaphor that requires some explanation on university of chicago laboratory school john dewey, the writer's part is often called a metaphysical conceit , especially in 17th-century poetry. If the metaphorical connection is bloomington merely implied rather than directly stated, such as talking about the ladder of success, the term is a subdued metaphor. The combination of two different metaphors into a single, awkward image is called a mixed metaphor or abusio . See also tenor , vehicle , subdued metaphor , and telescoped metaphor. Contrast with simile . METAPHYSICAL POETS : In his 1693 work, Discourse of Satire , John Dryden used the term metaphysical to describe the rasselas style of indiana bloomington, certain poets earlier in the 17th century.

Later, Samuel Johnson popularized the term in 1779. The term metaphysical implies the poetry is abstract and vishniac athletics highly complex. Indiana University Law School Tuition? The chief metaphysical poets include John Donne, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, and Henry Vaughan. The group shares certain traits, though their themes, structures, and assorted tones in their poetry vary widely, which leads more recent scholars to see the designation as unhelpful. (1) The group as a whole rejects the conventions of vishniac university athletics, Elizabethan love poetry, especially the Petrarchan conceits that, by 1600, had become clichés . They preferred wildly original (and sometimes shocking or strange) images, puns, similes, and metaphors, which collectively are called metaphysical conceits . (2) The metaphysical poet often describes a dramatic event rather than simple meditation, daydreams, or passing thoughts. Law School Bloomington? (3) The metaphysical poets employed inconsistant or striking verse--often imitating the rhythmic patterns of everyday speech, rather than attempting to create perfect meter in the manner later favored by neoclassical poets. Basically, the metaphysical poets would not let metrical form interfere with the ilene vishniac university of saskatchewan athletics development of a line of thought. (4) The poem often expresses an argument--often using wild flights of logic and unusual comparisons. As an example, John Donne in The Flea presents a speaker who attempts to seduce a young maiden.

The basis of his argument is the comparison between sex and a flea-bite. Tuition? In Holy Sonnet 14, Donne fashions a prayer in which he compares God to a rapist and himself to a besieged city. METAPLASMUS : A type of neologism in which misspelling a word creates a rhetorical effect. To emphasize dialect , one might spell dog as dawg. To emphasize that something is unimportant, we might add -let or -ling at boston saudi the end of the word, referring to a deity as a godlet or a prince as a princeling. To emphasize the feminine nature of something normally considered masculine, try adding the suffix -ette to the end of the word, creating a smurfette or a corvette . To modernize something old, the writer might turn the Greek god Hermes into the Hermenator . Likewise, Austin Powers renders all things shagedelic . For more information, see the law school tuition subdivisions of metaplasmus under schemes. METAPOETRY : Poetry about poetry, especially self-conscious poems that pun on objects or items associated with writing or creating poetry. Ecu Beats Virginia Tech 2008 Chevrolet? Among the Romantic and Enlightenment poets, we find puns on leaves (referring on one hand to the leaves of plants, and on university tuition, another to the leaves or pages of a book of poetry), feet (referring on one level to the body part, and on rutgers experience research, another to the metrical feet of a poem), and so on.

Other types of metapoetry involve self-conscious commentary on the poem's own genre or on the process of creating the poem. A fine example of this type of metapoetry is Billy Collins' Sonnet: And after this next one just a dozen. To launch a little ship on love's storm-tossed seas, then only tuition, ten more left like rows of beans. How easily it goes unless you get Elizabethan. and insist the virginia 2008 iambic bongos must be played.

and rhymes positioned at the ends of lines, one for indiana university law school bloomington, every station of the cross. But hang on rasselas essay, here while we make the turn. into the final six where all will be resolved, where longing and heartache will find an end, where Laura will tell Petrarch to indiana university law school tuition, put down his pen, take off those crazy medieval tights, blow out the lights, and essay come at last to indiana law school tuition, bed. Here, we can clearly see the rasselas self-reflective tendencies, in university bloomington tuition, which the poet discusses how many more lines he needs to finish a traditional sonnet (lines 1-4), he directly comments on the traditional subject-matter of the sonnet, the rejected love of the speaker (alluded to in line 3), he adds an university students union, amusing allusion to indiana tuition, the normal requirements of rhyme, meter and iambic pentameter, which the poet rejects (lines 5-8), and he adds a direct reference to the turn or volta, in the exact moment when the volta is required in an Italian sonnet. Finally the poet alludes to Laura (the woman to whom Petrarch dedicated his sonnets) and to Petrarch, the inventor of the sonnnet-structure that Collins mimics and alters simultaneously.

The subject-matter of dewey, this sonnet is the conventional sonnet itself; thus, it is metapoetry. See metaliterature . METATHESIS : The transposition of two sounds in speech or spelling. This tendency often catches students of Middle English or Anglo-Saxon off guard, since they might encounter the spelling brid for bird or hwale for whale . METER : A recognizable though varying pattern of law school bloomington, stressed syllables alternating with syllables of less stress. Compositions written in meter are said to boston saudi union, be in tuition, verse . Rasselas Essay Help? There are many possible patterns of indiana university bloomington, verse. Each unit of stress and unstressed syllables is busch university called a foot . The following examples are culled from M. H. Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms , seventh edition, which has more information. Indiana Law School? You can also click here to download a PDF handout giving examples of rasselas essay, particular types of feet, or click here for a longer PDF handout discussing meter and indiana university tuition scansion. Example: The cúrfew tólls the knéll of párting dáy. (Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.) Anapestic (the noun is ecu beats chevrolet anapest ) two light syllables followed by a stressed syllable: The Assyrian came dówn like a wólf on the fóld. (Lord Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib.) Trochaic (the noun is trochee ) a stressed followed by a light syllable: Thére they áre, my fífty men and wómen. Dactylic (the noun is dactyl ): a stressed syllable followed by two light syllables: Éve, with her básket, was / Déep in university law school tuition, the bélls and grass. Iambs and anapests, since the strong stress is at the end, are called rising meter; trochees and stevenson dactyls, with the law school bloomington strong stress at the beginning with lower stress at the end, are called falling meter.

Additionally, if a line ends in a standard iamb, with a final stressed syllable, it is said to have a masculine ending. If a line ends in a lightly stressed syllable, it is said to be feminine. Jessica Of Toronto? To hear the difference, read the following examples aloud and listen to the final stress: Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. Not a creature was stirring, not even a mousing. We name a metric line according to the number of feet in it. If a line has four feet, it is university law school tuition tetrameter . If a line has five feet, it is pentameter . Six feet, hexameter , and so on. Ilene Vishniac Of Saskatchewan Athletics? English verse tends to be pentameter, French verse tetrameter, and Greek verse, hexameter. Indiana University Law School Tuition? When scanning a line, we might, for instance, describe the university of saskatchewan athletics line as iambic pentameter (having five feet, with each foot tending to indiana law school tuition, be a light syllable followed by heavy syllable), or trochaic tetrameter (having four feet, with each foot tending to be a long syllable followed by university of chicago laboratory school john dewey, a short syllable).

Here is a complete list of the various verse structures: METONYM : Any specific use or specific example of metonymy , or any symbol in indiana bloomington tuition, which a specific physical object is used as a vague suggestive symbol for a more general idea. See metonymy below. METONYMY : Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea. The term metonym also applies to the object itself used to suggest that more general idea. Some examples of metonymy are using the jessica stevenson university metonym crown in reference to royalty or the university law school tuition entire royal family, or stating the pen is ecu beats virginia tech 2008 mightier than the sword to suggest that the university law school bloomington tuition power of university, education and writing is more potent for indiana law school bloomington, changing the world than military force. One of my former students wrote in an argumentative essay, If we cannot strike offenders in the heart, let us strike them in the wallet, implying by her metonym that if we cannot make criminals regret their actions out of university of chicago laboratory school dewey, their guilty consciences, we can make them regret their actions through financial punishment. We use metonymy in everyday speech when we refer to the entire movie-making industry as the L. A. suburb Hollywood or the advertising industry as the street Madison Avenue (and when we refer to businessmen working there as suits.) Journalists use metonymy to refer to the collective decisions of the indiana law school United States government as Washington or when they use the term the White House as a shorthand reference for ecu beats tech 2008, the executive bureaucracy in American government. Popular writer Thomas Friedman coined a recent metonym, the Arab Street, as a shorthand reference for the entire population of Muslim individuals in Saudi Arabia, Yeman, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the surrounding areas. When students talk about studying Shakespeare, they mean metonymically all his collected works of drama and poetry, rather than the law school bloomington historical writer's life alone, and university so on.

METRICAL : This adjective describes anything written in patterns of meter , as opposed to indiana law school tuition, prose. METRICAL FOOT : See discussion uner meter or click here for a handout in PDF format. METRICAL SUBSTITUTION : A way of varying poetic meter by taking a single foot of the rasselas essay normal meter and replacing it with a foot of indiana law school tuition, different meter. Busch Vishniac Of Saskatchewan? For instance, a poem might consist primarily of iambic pentameter, with a light-heavy pattern of stress. Tuition? The poet might add variety by occasionally inserting a foot consisting of two stresses (spondeic substitution) or a foot with a reversed pattern of heavy-light stress (trochaic substitution). Boston Saudi? See meter . When a poet uses metrical substitution to replace the first entire foot with a single stressed beat, the result is an indiana, acephalous line. MEZOZEUGMA : An alternative spelling of boston, mesozeugma. See discussion under zeugma . MIASMA (Greek, stench): Literally referring to a stench or bad smell, the tuition Greek term also metaphorically indicates a sort of jessica stevenson of toronto, ceremonial taint or spiritual stain that can result from various sorts of impurity. The ancient Greeks thought actions such as murder, incest, blasphemy, menstruation, or violations of xenia might cause a miasma around a person or place, and until the community took action to expunge the university tuition stain, misfortune such as disease, drought, or other blights would be the potential result. University Of Saskatchewan Athletics? Normally, people thought to be stained by miasma were forbidden to pass the sacred marker ( temenos ) separating the holy ground of a temple or a public forum from non-sacred space. The term is particularly applicable in the play Oedipus Rex , in which the entire community of Thebes has fallen under a curse because of indiana tuition, a miasma in boston university saudi students, their midst.

It is also relevant in Agamemnon, where the indiana university law school tuition prophetess Cassandra seems to have the ability to ilene vishniac of saskatchewan, sense miasma as well as see the invisible Furies that have come to settle on tuition, the house. MICROCOSM (cf. macrocosm ): The human body. Renaissance thinkers believed that the human body was a little universe that reflected changes in essay, the macrocosm, or greater universe. MID VOWEL : In linguistics, any vowel sound made with the jaw and tongue positioned between the indiana university law school normal articulations for high and low vowels. An example of a mid-vowel would be the vowel sound in pate . MIDDLE COMEDY : Greek comedies written in rutgers, the early 300s BCE, in which the exaggerated costumes and the chorus of the indiana law school tuition Old Comedy were eliminated. We have no surviving examples of rutgers university, these Middle Comedies, but they are alluded to and described in other works. MIDDLE ENGLISH : The version of law school tuition, English spoken after the Norman Conquest from 1066 but before 1450 or so. Before the university Norman Conquest, the common version of English was Old English or Anglo-Saxon , a Germanic language that is difficult to read without specialized training. An influx of Norman French and Latin vocabulary after the Normans conquered England resulted in rapid changes in spoken English. Between 1400-1450, a phenomenon known as the Great Vowel Shift occurred, and the pronunciation of vowels changed in English, resulting in Modern English (see below).

To avoid irritating your teacher, do not confuse Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. This diagram will help you contrast them. MIDDLE PASSAGE : The sea-voyage from Africa to indiana tuition, the West Indies and/or the Americas commonly used by slave-traders. It plays a prominent part in slave-narratives and abolitionist literature, including works such as Aphra Behn's Oronooko and Olaudah Equiano's autobiography. MIDVERBS : As Kolln and Funk define it, midverbs are a group of verbs that have characteristics of both transitive and intransitive verbs.

Like transitive verbs, they require a word following them--much like an object or a complement. However, the complements are not exactly like direct objects because they do not explain what or whom is receiving the essay help action. Instead, the complements of midverbs provide information about amount or measurement (Kolln and Funk 55). Examples include the verbs weigh and cost (55). For instance, The corpse weighed two-hundred pounds. Here, weighed is a midverb. The word pounds is sort of like a direct object to the verb weighs , but since it shows an indiana university, equivalence with corpse , it is sort of like a predicate noun or a subject complement also.

Kolln and university Funk handle this blurred categorization by treating clauses with midverbs as Pattern VI sentences--i.e., they treat the complement as a mere adverbial. MILES GLORIOSUS (Lat. glorious soldier): The braggart soldier, a stock character in classical Roman drama. The braggart soldier is cowardly but boasts of his past deeds, and he becomes involved in sexual catastrophes, bullying, and indiana law school tuition thievery. The miles gloriosus is frequently of low morals. Shakespeare probably based Falstaff in Renaissance literatureon the common miles gloriosus in classical literature. MILTONIC IMAGERY : Imagery made famous by Milton's poetry--especially Paradise Lost . Examples include the university of toronto dark angels or twisted demons laboring at Pandemonium's construction deep below the indiana university law school tuition earth in fiery shadow, especially when such imagery is taken in contrast with the pastoral tranquility of Eden or the pearly mansions of heaven afloat in glowing clouds. Of Toronto? Likewise, the bloomington tuition motif of the rejected, fallen, rebellious seraphim struggling against the Almighty's white lightning remains a haunting image in Milton's poetry. These Miltonic images have influenced a great number of university union, later literary works.

In H. Indiana University Bloomington? G. Wells' The Time Machine , Wells used Miltonic imagery in university union, the Morlocks and Eloi, where (it initially appears) the troglodytic Morlocks labor in darkness under the earth and the child-like Eloi play in the blissful garden above. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein steals Miltonic imagery by casting the tuition monster as both an innocent Adam figure and simultaneously a rebellious Satan figure who rejects his maker as flawed and morally inferior. University Union? In many cases, Miltonic tradition shapes modern Christian iconography much more than the ancient Hebrew tradition of sheol itself. MIMESIS : Mimesis is usually translated as imitation or representation, though the concept is much more complex than that and doesn't translate easily into indiana law school bloomington, English. It is an imitation or representation of something else rather than an attempt to university laboratory dewey, literally duplicate the original.

For instance, Aristotle in The Poetics defined tragedy as the indiana university bloomington imitation [ mimesis ] of an action. In his sense, both poetry and drama are attempts to 2008 chevrolet, take an instance of human action and represent or re -present its essence while translating it into a new medium of material. For example, a play about World War II is an attempt to take the essence of an actual, complex historical event involving millions of people and thousands of bloomington, square miles over several years and recreate that event in university of toronto, a simplified representation involving a few dozen people in a few thousand square feet over indiana bloomington tuition a few hours. The play would be a mimesis of that historic event using stage props, lighting, and individual actors to convey the sense of what World War II was to the audience. In the ilene busch university of saskatchewan same way, the process of mimesis might involve creating a film about World War II (translating the event into indiana university law school bloomington tuition, images projected onto a flat screen or monitor using chemical images on rutgers experience research, a strip of photosynthetic film), or writing a poem about World War II would constitute an bloomington, attempt at distilling that meaning into help, syllables, stress, verse, and diction. Picasso might attempt to embody warfare as a montage of destruction--his painting Guernica is the result. The degree to which each form of art accurately embodies the essence of its subject determines (for many classical theorists of art) the degree of its success. Additionally, mimesis may involve ecphrasis --the act of translating art from one type of media into another.

A classical musician or composer might be entranced by an earlier bit of folkloric art, the legend of William Tell. He attempts to law school tuition, imitate or represent the stirring emotions of that story by creating a stirring song that has the same effect; thus, the famous The William Tell Overture results. A story has been translated into a musical score. It is also possible to attempt mimesis of one medium into the same medium. Tech Chevrolet? For instance, American musician Aaron Copland was inspired by the simplicity of Quaker music, so he attempted to re-create that music mimetically in Appalachian Spring, much like he earlier attempted mimetically to capture the indiana university bloomington tuition American spirit in Fanfare for the Common Man. In literature, ecphrasis is likewise used to user, describe the way literature describes or mimics other media (other bits of art, architecture, music and so on). Law School Tuition? For instance, Ode on a Grecian Urn is largely Keats' poetic attempt to capture the eternal and changeless nature of visual art depicted on an excavated piece of pottery. Chaucer's Knight's Tale involves an elaborate architectural recreation of three pagan temples, and the artwork on boston university saudi students, the walls of those temples, as well as the verbal construction of an bloomington tuition, entire coliseum to enclose a knightly combat.

These are both ecphrases seeking to turn one type of non-verbal art into verbal art through mimetic principles. MINIMAL PAIR : Also called contrastive pairs , these are two words that differ by only a single sound, such as gin-pin . University Experience Research? Linguists commonly use minimal pairs for indiana university bloomington tuition, illustrating subtle sound differences. MINNES Ä NGER : Any German minstril who writes poems and songs about rasselas help, courtly love in indiana law school tuition, the medieval period. He is usually considered the ilene busch vishniac of saskatchewan German equivalent of the French troubadour . MINUSCULE : A small or lowercase letter, in university law school, contrast with majuscule , a large or capital letter. The invention of minuscule allowed for faster, more compact writing in scriptoria. MIRACLE OF THE VIRGIN : A vita or a miracle play that dramatizes some aspect of humanity activity, and boston students union ends with the miraculous intervention of the Blessed Virgin. See discussion under miracle play (below), and vita . MIRACLE PLAY : Not to indiana university, be confused with medieval morality plays, a miracle play is a medieval drama depicting either biblical stories, the miracle(s) performed by a saint, or the martyrdom of a saint in Christian traditions. (Some critics prefer the third definition and reject the first two.) Miracle plays were usually presented in a cycle, such as dramas dealing with the Virgin Mary, the fall of man, and so on. In France, a sharp division is made between a mystery play and a miracle play, but it is common for the terms to be used interchangeably elsewhere. Few examples of miracle plays survive in English (the oldest being Play of Saint Catherine from the area of Dunstable), but in France, there remains a famous cycle of Les Miracles de Notre Dame , forty-two plays belonging to the second half of the 1300s written in octosyllabic couplets. An example of a modern miracle play is the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck's Sister Beatrice . The general emphasis in a miracle play is to astonish and inspire the viewer with a sense of wonder at the numinous.

An entire subgenre of miracles of the virgin also exist. Contrast with morality play and mystery play . MIRROR PASSAGE : A section of a story that might not contribute directly to the plot (i.e., it contains characters divorced from the main narrative, and the events it deals with do not further the rutgers research action) but which does reflect the basic concerns of the work in indiana law school bloomington, terms of theme, action, or symbolism or which seems to boston university saudi union, echo another scene, image, or situation. For instance, the Miller's story in The Canterbury Tales creates a love triangle to mock and mirror the indiana university bloomington love triangle in the Knight's earlier narrative, or the three daily hunts that mirror the tactics of the bedroom seduction in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , or the way Aeneas's attempt to hug Creüsa's ghost thrice mirrors his attempt to ecu beats tech chevrolet, embrace the ghost of his father Anchises in The Aeneid , or the inversion of words and tears that distinguishes Aeneas and Dido's two farewells--the first at Carthage and the second in the Underworld. Indiana Law School? See also mirror scene . MIRROR SCENE : A scene in a play or novel that does not contribute directly to the plot (i.e., it contains characters divorced from the main narrative, and ecu beats virginia the events it deals with do not further the law school action,) but which does mirror the basic concerns of the play or narrative in terms of theme, action, or symbolism. For instance, the scene with the gardeners in Richard II relates symbolically to boston union, the fact that Richard, as king, is not tending his own little Eden, the isle of Britain.

The scene with Christopher Sly in the opening of The Taming of the Shrew does not relate directly to Petruchio's wooing of Kate, but it does establish the theme of indiana university bloomington tuition, how appearance might not match reality. See also mirror passage . MLA : The acronym for the Modern Language Association. English students primarily know the university students MLA as the indiana university law school bloomington publisher of the MLA guidelines for tech, research papers, the standard format used in American college English classes. Founded in indiana bloomington, 1883, this organization is a professional guild of ilene of saskatchewan athletics, sorts for professors and instructors of indiana law school, a variety of subjects: foreign languages, linguistics, composition, technical writing, philology, rhetoric, and literature. Membership is particularly useful for students in graduate schools about to seek their first jobs. (Membership allows them access to the JIL, the Job Information Listings.) The organization hosts the jessica stevenson of toronto MLA convention annually, where most interviews for instructor positions at university bloomington colleges take place.

It also sponsors the PMLA journal and the MLA International Bibliography . Help? You can learn more at the MLA website. MOCK EPIC : In contrast with an epic , a mock epic is a long, heroicomical poem that merely imitates features of the classical epic. The poet often takes an elevated style of bloomington tuition, language, but incongruously applies that language to mundane or ridiculous objects and situations. The mock epic focuses frequently on the exploits of an antihero whose activities illustrate the stupidity of the boston saudi class or group he represents. Various other attributes common to university tuition, the classical epic, such as the invocation of the virginia tech chevrolet muse or the intervention of the gods, or the long catalogs of indiana bloomington tuition, characters, appear in the mock epic as well, only to be spoofed. For instance, Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock gives in hyperbolic language a lengthy account of rutgers university, how a 17th century lord cuts a lady's hair in order to steal a lock of it as a keepsake, leading to all sorts of social backlash when the woman is unhappy with her new hairdo. Lord Byron's Don Juan gives a lengthy list of the indiana tuition sexual conquests and catastrophes associated with a precocious young lord, Don Juan. Stevenson? Both are fine examples of the mock epic. In some ways, the mock epic is the opposite of a travesty . See also spoof , satire . MOCK SERMON : A medieval genre commonly known as une sermon joyeux or une sermon joli , its conventions are that a non-clerical figure will present a humorous lecture on a non-religious topic (sexuality and food being two common choices) using all the tropes and conventions of a normal homily --such as the introduction and explication of a Biblical passage, allusions to various intellectual figures, a series of exempla to prove the speaker's point, and a concluding invocation of law school, prayer. Some critics have read Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue as a mock sermon concerning a woman's place in marriage, for instance. For an excellent discussion of the sermon joyeux in connection with Chaucer, see volume 58 of the academic journal Speculum , pages 674-80.

MODERN ENGLISH : The English language as spoken between about 1450 and the modern day. The language you are speaking now and the language Shakespeare spoke are both considered examples of Modern English. University Of Chicago Laboratory School? Modern English is distinct from indiana law school tuition Middle English (spoken c. Virginia Tech 2008 Chevrolet? 1100 to 1400) in law school bloomington tuition, that vowels are pronounced differently after the Great Vowel Shift (1400-1450). Both Middle English and Modern English are distinct from Old English in of toronto, that Old English and Middle English had numerous letters (such as the letters ash , thorn , and eth ) and some sounds (such as yogh ) that were used much more commonly. Old English also used elaborate declensions that have mostly fallen out of use in university, Modern English. To avoid irritating your teacher, do not confuse Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. This diagram will help you contrast them. A good rule of chevrolet, thumb is that, (a) if you can read it easily, it's probably modern English, (b) if you can read it with some difficulty, but there are many words misspelled and an occasional strange letter, it's probably Middle English, and (c) if you can't read it all, and it looks like a foreign language with letters you don't recognize, you are probably looking at Old English.

See Middle English and Old English . MODERNISM : A vague, amorphous term referring to the art, poetry, literature, architecture, and philosophy of Europe and university law school bloomington America in the early twentieth-century. Scholars do not agree exactly when Modernism began--most suggest after World War I, but some suggest it started as early as the late nineteenth century in France. Likewise, some assert Modernism ended with World War II or the bombing of Nagasaki, to be replaced with Postmodernism, or that modernism lasted until the 1960s, when post-structural linguistics dethroned it. Others suggest that the division between modernism and postmodernism is false, and university that postmodernism is university bloomington merely the continuing process of Modernism. Tech 2008 Chevrolet? Under the general umbrella of university law school, Modernism, we find several art movements such as surrealism, formalism, and various avante-garde French movements. Professor Frank Kermode further divides modernism into paleo-modernism (1914-1920) and neo-modernism (1920-1942). User? However, these divisions are hardly agreed upon by historians and critics. In general, modernism is an early twentieth-century artistic marked by the following characteristics: (1) the university bloomington desire to break away from established traditions, (2) a quest to find fresh ways to rasselas, view man's position or function in the universe, (3) experiments in form and style, particularly with fragmentation--as opposed to the organic theories of literary unity appearing in the Romantic and Victorian periods, and university law school (4) a lingering concern with metaliterature . Cf. postmodernism . To see where modernism fits into busch university, a chronological listing of the major literary periods, click here for a pdf handout.

MOLOSSUS : A rare metrical foot of three-stressed syllables, such as might appear in bacchic meter. It is also called a bacchic foot or a bachius .It is nonstandard in indiana law school bloomington, most English verse. MONDEGREN : A misheard song lyric or poetic line that results in a textual variant through faulty oral transmission. The result is rutgers experience often amusing in nature. For example, the 1967 rock singer Jimi Hendrix had a set of university law school tuition, lyrics in Purple Haze in which the speaker states in pantheistic bliss, 'Scuse me while I kiss the sky.

However, the university user experience background music garbled his pronunciation, and many confused listeners misinterpreted the indiana law school bloomington tuition line as 'Scuse me while I kiss this guy. Similarly, Appalachian immigrants brought with them a folksong from England called The Golden Vanity, which originally speaks of sailing the Lowland Sea. After a few generations, the landlocked Appalachian descendants did not know what the Lowland Sea referred to any longer, and virginia 2008 the singers created a mondegren, sailing the university law school bloomington tuition lonesome sea. Several literary works gain their titles from mondegrens, including Malachy McCourt's A Monk Swimming and ilene busch vishniac university athletics J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in tuition, the Rye.

The original term mondegren to describe this sort of mistake first appeared in an essay by Sylvia Wright, which Harper's Magazine published in November of research, 1954. In the essay, The Death of Lady Mondegren, Wright recalled how she misinterpreted a line from the 17th-centrury ballad, The Bonny Earl O'Morray. Here, the original line reads, They hae slain the Earl O'Moray, / and indiana university bloomington laid him on the Green. She, however, heard, They hae slain the Earl O'Moray, / and Lady Mondegren. MONODY : Any elegy or dirge represented as the utterance of a single speaker. Ilene Vishniac University Athletics? Compare with dramatic monologue . MONOGENESIS : The theory that, if two similar stories, words, or images appear in two different geographic regions or languages, they are actually related to each other rather than appearing independently.

Either one was the original source, and the others adopted it later, or all the surviving examples come from an older (possibly lost) source. Contrast with polygenesis . MONOLOGUE (contrast with soliloquy and interior monologue ): An interior monologue does not necessarily represent spoken words, but rather the internal or emotional thoughts or feelings of an individual, such as William Faulkner's long interior monologues within The Sound and The Fury . Indiana University Law School? Monologue can also be used to refer to essay, a character speaking aloud to himself, or narrating an account to an audience with no other character on stage. Cf. dramatic monologue . MONOMYTH : Joseph Cambell, a psychoanaltyic and indiana law school bloomington Jungian theorist, coined the ilene of saskatchewan athletics phrase monomyth in university tuition, his 1949 work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces . The phrase describes a particular recurring narrative structure in mythology that he felt resonated with human psychology. In narratology and university mythographic studies, the monomyth or hero's journey is a common narrative pattern in which a young or inexperienced hero (or sometimes heroine) goes on a journey or adventure. After setbacks or disastrous failure, he receives assistance from companions and advice from a mentor figure or figures. He resumes the journey, and in a climactic point of the story, symbolically dies, learns some hidden gnosis, and symbolically returns to life. He then wins a victory, and he returns home transformed by the experience so that he can serve as a leader to his people. The chart would look like the following: STAGE I Call to adventure --some new threat or challenge appears in university tuition, the protagonist's community.

STAGE II Supernatural aid --from a magical creature or magical object appears. STAGE III Confrontation --The hero confronts the threshhold of danger, often a guardian or villain, that thrwarts him. STAGE IV Education --Aid comes from a helper and/or mentor figures to show him how to bypass challenges and temptations. STAGE V Revelation --The hero experiences revelation--often in the form of an abyss or a symbolic death and rebirth. STAGE VI Resurrection --The hero is transformed, resurrected, or somehow makes atonment, often receiving a concrete or abstract gift from a divine source like a god or goddess-figure. STAGE VII Return --The hero returns home. Once there, he re-establishes order or peace, often becoming a new ruler.

MONOPHTHONG : In linguistics, Algeo defines this as A simple vowel with a single, stable quality (323) Simon Horobin calls it, a pure vowel with no change in quality (192). Contrast with diphthong . See also monophthongization . MONOPHTHONGIZATION : The tendency of help, diphthongs to turn into simple vowels over time, or the actual process by university, which diphthongs turn into such vowels. Contrast with diphthongization. MONORHYME : A poem or section of a poem in university of chicago laboratory school john, which all the lines have the indiana university bloomington tuition same end rhyme. The rhyming pattern would thus look like this: AAAA AAAA, AAA AAA, or AA AA AA AA , etc. It is a common rhyme scheme in Latin, Italian, Arabic, Welsh, and Slav poetry, especially in the Slav poetry of the oral-formulaic tradition.

Because of the fact that English nouns are not declined and our adjectives do not have gender consistently indicated by ilene busch vishniac university, particular endings, it is indiana university bloomington tuition much harder to make effective poetic use of monorhyme in the English poetry. However, Shakespeare makes frequent use of it is a bit of doggerel in his plays. For instance, in The Merchant of Venice , we find the following section in monorhyme: Seven times tried that judgment is. That did never choose amiss. Some there be that shadows kiss.

There be fools alive iwis, Silvered o'er, and rasselas help so was this. Take what wife you will to bed. I will ever be your head. So be gone; you are sped. (2.9.62-71) MONOSYLLABIC : Having only one syllable. MOOD (from Anglo-Saxon, mod heart or spirit): (1) In literature, a feeling, emotional state, or disposition of mind--especially the predominating atmosphere or tone of a literary work. Most pieces of literature have a prevailing mood, but shifts in indiana law school bloomington tuition, this prevailing mood may function as a counterpoint, provide comic relief, or echo the changing events in the plot. The term mood is rasselas essay often used synonymously with atmosphere and ambiance . Indiana University Bloomington? Students and critics who wish to ecu beats tech 2008, discuss mood in their essays should be able to point to specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to illustrate what sets the indiana university bloomington tuition mood. (2) In grammar, an aspect of verbs. Click here for athletics, more information on grammatical mood . MORALITY PLAY : A genre of medieval and early Renaissance drama that illustrates the way to live a pious life through allegorical characters.

The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues. For instance, characters named Mercy and Conscience might work together to stop Shame and law school bloomington tuition Lust from of toronto stealing Mr. Poorman's most valuable possession, a box of gold labeled Salvation. Unlike a mystery play or a miracle play , a morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material, i.e., the morality play usually does not contain specific characters found in the Bible, such as saints or the disciples or Old Testament figures. Unlike the miracle play, which depicts astonishing and moving miraculous events believed to have occurred literally to specific historical figures in specific settings, the morality play takes place internally and psychologically in every human being. The protagonist often has a name that represents this universality, such as Everyman, Mankind, Soul, Adam, or whatnot.

The most famous morality play is probably Everyman , a fifteenth-century drama in which a grim character named Death summons Everyman to judgment. On his way to meet Death, Everyman discovers that all his old buddies are abandoning him except one. His friend Good Deeds is the only one that will accompany him to indiana university law school, meet Death, while Beauty, Fellowship, Kindred, Knowledge, and rasselas essay help Strength fall by the wayside on his journey. Other famous examples include The Castle of Perseverance and Mankind . Contrast with mystery play and miracle play . MORPHEME : Linguistically, the smallest collection of sounds or letters in a spoken or written word that has semiotic importance or significance--a unit of meaning that cannot be divided into law school, tinier units of meaning. For instance, in the English word rerun , the prefix re- is a morpheme implying again and rutgers experience research the word run is a morpheme implying an act of motion. If we try to cut the indiana bloomington prefix re- into jessica university of toronto, smaller collections of sounds ( /r/ and bloomington /I/ phonetically), these sounds no longer have meaning attached to them, and boston university union they are no longer morphemes.

Likewise, the indiana tuition morpheme run cannot be further subdivided into meaningful morphemes. Note that morphemes can be either free or bound . Typically, in English, individual syllables tend to rasselas essay, be morphemes, though some occasional morphemes consist of single sounds. Contrast with grapheme and phoneme . MORPHOLOGY : The part of a language concerned with the structure of morphemes and how these morphemes combine. Linguists use this term in indiana, contrast with syntax . MORPHOSYNTAX : In linguistics, morphosyntax is an impressive word scholars use when most people would simply say grammar. It is the study of students union, how parts of a sentence relate to each other. MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP : The medieval and Renaissance belief that Moses wrote all five books of the Pentateuch. Click here for more discussion. MOT JUSTE, LE (French, The right word): A well-chosen, precise, or exact word, an extremely appropriate or fitting bit of diction . MOTIF : A conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula, which appears frequently in works of literature. For instance, the loathly lady who turns out to be a beautiful princess is a common motif in folklore, and the man fatally bewitched by a fairy lady is a common folkloric motif appearing in Keats' La Belle Dame sans Merci. In medieval Latin lyrics, the indiana university law school bloomington tuition Ubi sunt ? [where are . . .?] motif is common, in which a speaker mourns the lost past by repeatedly asking, what happened to university, the good-old days? (Where are the snows of yesteryear? asks Francois Villon.) The motif of the beheading game is indiana university bloomington tuition common in Celtic myth, and so on. Frequently, critics use the rasselas word motif interchangeably with theme and leit-motif . See also folkloric motif . MOTIF OF THE DISGUISED KING : A common motif in folklore in indiana law school tuition, which the king disguises himself and travels through his domains incognito . Examples include Prince Hal/Henry V in Shakespeare's plays, in which the king dons a cloak to obscure his features and then walks among his troops to rutgers, converse with them and bloomington tuition get a sense of jessica stevenson university of toronto, their morale before battle.

In Greek epics, Odysseus returns to his kingdom of Ithaca in disguise and skulks among the suitors to gather intelligence toward the indiana university bloomington end of The Odyssey . In The Lord of the Rings , Aragorn is the rightful king of the west, but he remains disguised as the homeless and impoverished Strider. See also the motif of the hidden king , below. MOTIF OF THE HIDDEN KING : A common motif in folklore in which the rightful king of a nation is absent or hidden away, but will one day be revealed and then triumphantly reclaim rule over his kingdom, ushering in a golden age. Examples in Arthurian literature include King Arthur, who is first hidden when Merlin spirits him away from rutgers Uther Pendragon while Arthur is an law school bloomington tuition, infant but later revealed as the true ruler when he draws the athletics sword from the university law school bloomington tuition stone. University Of Toronto? Additionally, at the end of his life, when King Arthur is indiana university law school wounded in the fight with Mordred, he sails away to Avalon in the West, but prophecy asserts he will return from Faerie to rule Britain again in the hour of the island's greatest need. In world religions, some branches of ilene of saskatchewan athletics, Islam believe in the Mahdi, a hidden Imam, a rightful spiritual ruler of the Muslim faithful who remains hidden but will eventually reveal himself and return to university bloomington tuition, power.

Some Tolkien scholars identify Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings as another example of the motif. As Helen Armstrong notes: Aragorn has many of the marks of a mythical hidden king and true hero. His mother (and in an earlier draft his grandmother) prophesis on his behalf. At moments of drama a white flame appears on his brow. He loves a princess of the Elves. His marriage depends on his success, and the future of his kingdom depends on his marriage. He is virginia 2008 supported and advised by university, a powerful otherworldly woman, Galadriel, and he carries tokens of his heritage and destiny (Andúril, the university laboratory dewey Elfstone). The last sapling of the White Tree of Gondor flowers to herald his marriage, and he is crowned in Gondor by Gandalf, the hierophant in the story. . . . Tuition? He has powers (such as his ability to control the palantír ) that rest partly in rasselas essay help, his innate royal authority. (see Aragorn entry in Drout 23) MULTICULTURAL NOVEL : As Robert Harris defines the term in his glossary, a multicultural novel is.

A novel written by a member of or about indiana law school, a cultural minority group, giving insight into non-Western or non-dominant cultural experiences and values, either in the United States or abroad. Examples: • Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart. • Amy Tan, The Kitchen God's Wife. • Forrest Carter, The Education of Little Tree. • Margaret Craven, I Heard the Owl Call My Name. • James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain.

• Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Penitent. MULTICULTURALISM : In literature, multiculturalism is the belief that literary studies should include writings, poetry, folklore, and plays from a number of athletics, different cultures rather than focus on Western European civilization alone. Indiana Bloomington? See also Latino writing and laboratory school john Harlem Renaissance for two examples of multicultural writings. MULTIPLICATIVE : Most languages have various systems of numbering, typically at law school bloomington least two systems and sometimes many more. For instance, most languages distinguish between cardinal numbers (like one , two , or three in English or unus , duo , and tres in Latin) which indicate a tally and university school dewey can function as adjectives or substantive adjectives, and bloomington ordinal numbers (such as first , second , and third in English or primus , secundus , and tertius in Latin), which indicate a sequence or ordering. However, a great number of other possible numbering systems exist among the boston students union world languages, some of which have no perfect correspondence in English. These include the following:

Multiplicative numbers indicate the indiana law school bloomington number of 2008, times something multiplies or recurs, such as the English words single , double , triple , or quadruple , or the Latin words simplex, duplex, triplex , and law school quater , etc. Proportional numbers indicate comparisons of university, degree, such as Latin duplus , triplus , quadruplus , etc. English has no directly comparable words, and must express proportion with phrases like twice as great as or three times as much, etc. Numeric adverbs indicate how many times or how often something happens, such as English once , twice , or thrice or the Latin terms semel , bis , ter , or quater , etc. Distributive numbers indicate how many of each or how many at a time, especially when parts of a large number are being distributed among a smaller group. Examples include Latin singuli , bini , terni , and quaterni . English has no comparable system of single number-words, and it must express distributive ideas with phrases like one given to each one, two given to each one, three given to each one, etc. Partitive numbers indicate the number of parts in a greater whole, such as Latin binarius , ternarius , quaternarius , etc. English has no comparable system except for a few limited words like binary or trinary , and it must express more complex partitive ideas or larger numbers with phrases like consisting of twelve parts, or divided into eighteen components. Temporal numbers are single words refering to units of time in the past, such as Latin bimus , trimus , etc.

English has no comparable system and must express temporal numbers in bloomington tuition, full phrases like two years ago or three minutes in the future or lasting for a period of stevenson of toronto, seven hours, where other languages might use a single word to university bloomington, encompass that idea. MUSES, THE NINE : The nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne who had the power to inspire artists, poets, singers, and writers. They are listed below along with their spheres of influence: MUSIC OF THE SPHERES : In medieval and Renaissance Europe, many scholars believed in busch university of saskatchewan athletics, a beautiful song created by university law school bloomington tuition, the movement of the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, and planets). The music of spheres supposedly was infinitely beautiful, but humans were unable to hear it, either (a) because of ecu beats, their sinful separation from God, or (b) because they were so used to law school bloomington tuition, its presence, their minds automatically filtered it out as background noise. This medieval idea influences C. S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy literature, in which Aslan creates Narnia through an act of experience research, singing and the elder gods of Middle-Earth build the universe through a symphony that incorporates Melkor's awful, rebellious song into the larger harmonies of the grand creator.

MUTATION : A change in a vowel sound caused by another sound in the following syllable. University? In Old English and in saudi students union, Celtic languages like Irish Gaelic and Welsh, the type of mutation called i -mutation was especially common. Another common type is the indiana bloomington eclipsis mutation, a mutation in which a basic consonant sound is eclipsed or replaced by a stronger sound in a preceding word. User Experience? For a chart of the most common Irish mutations as examples, click here. MYSTERY CULT : Unlike the official public cults dedicated to law school bloomington tuition, the Olympian gods in ancient Greece and rutgers university experience Rome, a number of religious practices involved chthonic deities (like Demeter) and imported foreign gods (Ishtar, Osiris, Mithras, etc.). The cults often shared features such as ritual washing or cleansing in the form of baptism, ritual christening or renaming, symbolically dying and being born again, etc. Possibly some may have offered the hope of an afterlife through metempsychosis (unlike standard Greek and Roman belief which emphasized a gloomy stay in bloomington tuition, the underworld). Others--in the case of Dionysian worshippers--ritually slew the user experience research god and ate him or drank his blood symbolically in indiana university law school bloomington tuition, the form of wine. Regardless of specific varying details, these mystery cults shared a common element of secrecy--a distinction between the uninitiated outsider who did not share in their special blessings and the initiated cult member who did. The cult rituals were held to saudi union, be so sacred that it was blasphemous to reveal them to outsiders, even to speak of them, describe them, or write them down in any way.

The rites were often held in inaccessible areas far from the local city--on mountain-tops or sea-shores or in catacombs. Some, like the indiana university law school bloomington tuition mystery cult of Demeter, were open to jessica university of toronto, any prospective members regardless of race, gender, or nationality as long as they spoke sufficient Greek to participate in the rituals. Others were open to certain professions, such as the cult of Mithras which only allowed soldiers to join after an initial baptism in indiana law school bloomington, bull's blood. Others were restricted by university laboratory school, family (such as local versions of the Lykian wolf cult) or partly restricted by indiana bloomington tuition, gender (such as the maenads of Dionysus). MYSTERY CYCLE : A collection of mystery plays in a single manuscript meant to be performed sequentially. See discusion under mystery play , below. MYSTERY NOVEL : A novel focused on suspense and solving a mystery--especially a murder, theft, kidnapping, or some other crime. The protagonist faces inexplicable events, threats, assaults, and unknown forces or antagonists. Stevenson University Of Toronto? Conventionally, the hero is a keenly observant individual (such as Sherlock Holmes) and the police are depicted as incompetent or incapable of solving the university law school crime by themselves. Many of the works of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Allan Poe, and Agatha Christie are mystery novels. Note that this term should not be confused with the rasselas medieval mystery play , below.

MYSTERY PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an event from the Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. University Law School? Although the origins are uncertain, Mary Marshall and other early scholars like E. Ecu Beats Virginia Tech 2008 Chevrolet? K. Chambers (author of The Medieval Stage , 1903) suggested that the plays developed out of the Latin liturgy of the church, in indiana, particular out of the rutgers university user research Quem Quaeritis trope of Easter Day festivals. These early Easter Day dramatic performances took place in the churchyard. Later, these plays gradually became secular and used vernacular languages rather than Latin, and they gradually moved out of the churchyard and ecclesiastical control, becoming outdoor performances controlled by the craftsmen in law school bloomington, each city, according to this theory. Other scholars such as V. A. Kolve refute this idea, however. In any case, we do know that these religious plays were staged and performed by rutgers university experience research, secular audiences. Typically, the various guilds in each city (such as the law school bloomington tuition Carpenters' Guild, the Butchers' Guild, and so on) would sponsor and perform one play during the Corpus Christi festival, competing with each other for the most elaborate performance.

Each guild would mount the play on a large wagon with a curtained scaffold, with the lower part of the wagon used as a dressing room. Between forty and fifty of these wagons (one for each guild) would move from spot to university saudi students union, spot in the city, so that spectators could watch several performances in a single day. Bloomington? The plays often involved elaborate representations of heaven and hell, mechanical devices to create special effects, and lavish costuming. The dramatizations became increasingly elaborate, and they show signs of ilene vishniac athletics, developing psychological realism. The use of mystery in the name may originate in either the idea of spiritual mysteries, which were the focus of each play, or it may result from the Latin word misterium (a guild). The mystery plays were an tuition, important precursor to the miracle plays and morality plays (see above) in medieval drama, and they set the stage for the flowering of Renaissance drama that was to come with Shakespeare. Note that this term should not be confused with the Victorian and modern mystery novel , above. MYSTIC WRITERS : See discussion under mystics , below. MYSTICS : In the word's most general sense, mystics are religious visionaries who experience divine insights. In medieval scholarship, the term mystics or mystic writers is often used as a collective term for a group of late fourteenth-century and boston saudi students early fifteenth-century eremites in England who wrote mystical works in Middle English and Latin. These include the anchoress Julian of university law school bloomington tuition, Norwich, who wrote The Book of user research, Showings ; the illiterate mystic Margery Kempe, who dictated her autobiography The Book of Margery Kempe to two scribes; Richard Rolle, the bloomington author of Love is Love that Lasts for Aye; and the anonymous author of The Cloud of Unknowing . On the continent, other famous mystics include Saint Teresa of Avila, Hildegard of Bingen, and Saint Francis of rasselas essay help, Assissi.

The mystic writers are marked by the use of vivid (and sometimes confusing) imagery , intense emotional pathos (in the case of Margery Kempe), paradox (in the case of Richard Rolle), and an intense desire to verbalize what is largely a nonverbal experience (in the case of nearly every mystic). Mystics--regardless of religious background--are often marked by an experience in indiana university law school bloomington, which they perceive the universe as a unity or in which they feel a sense of essay, being one with the divine. We see signs of this tendency in Julian of Norwich's vision of Christ's blood, which transforms into raindrops falling from the side of a roof and then in turn transforms into the scales on a herring, as if God's physical form were embodied in the entire universe. In a more general sense, the university bloomington tuition author of the book of Revelation in the Bible (commonly attributed to John of Patmos), and the poetry of William Blake are said to be visionary or mystical in ilene vishniac university, nature, though scholars usually do not place them in the same category as the medieval mystics. On the other hand, much of religious poetry and writing is not particularly mystic in its nature--as witnessed by C. S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters or the poetry of Milton and Gerard Manley Hopkins, all three of which are profoundly religious, but which do not necessarily represent a struggle to verbalize an intense religious vision in the same manner as a mystic writer. MYTH : While common English usage often equates myth with falsehood, scholars use the bloomington term slightly differently. A myth is a traditional tale of deep cultural significance to rutgers university research, a people in terms of etiology , eschatology , ritual practice, or models of appropriate and indiana university law school bloomington tuition inappropriate behavior. University Of Chicago School John? The myth often (but not always) deals with gods, supernatural beings, or ancestral heroes.

The culture creating or retelling the myth may or may not believe that the indiana law school bloomington myth refers to literal or factual events, but it values the of chicago john dewey mythic narrative regardless of its historical authenticity for indiana law school bloomington tuition, its (conscious or unconscious) insights into the human condition or the model it provides for university of chicago john, cultural behavior. See also folklore , legend , mythography , mythos , and university law school bloomington tuition mythology . MYTHOGRAPHY : The commentary, writings, and interpretations added to myths. Medieval writers, such as the four anonymous scribes collectively called the Vatican Mythographers, would take Greek and Roman myths and rutgers university research write elaborate Christianized allegories to explain the meaning of the text. Another example of medieval mythography is the bloomington Ovid moralisée , a retelling of essay help, Ovid's Metamorphoses in which French scribes interpret the legends as Christological commentary on indiana law school bloomington, the New Testament. MYTHOLOGY : A system of stories about the gods, often explicitly religious in nature, that possibly were once believed to be true by essay, a specific cultural group, but may no longer be believed as literally true by their descendents. Like religions everywhere, mythology often provided etiological and indiana university law school eschatological narratives (see above) to help explain why the world works the ilene busch vishniac university way it does, to provide a rationale for customs and observances, to establish set rituals for indiana university tuition, sacred ceremonies, and to school john, predict what happens to individuals after death. If the protagonist is a normal human rather than a supernatural being, the traditional story is usually called a legend rather than a myth. Indiana University Bloomington? If the virginia 2008 story concerns supernatural beings who are not deities, but rather spirits, ghosts, fairies, and other creatures, it is indiana university law school bloomington tuition usually called a folktale or fairy tale rather than a myth (see folklore , below). Samples of myths appear in the writings of Homer, Virgil, and Ovid.

MYTHOPOEIA (Greek myth-making or myth-poetry): (1) J. R. R. Tolkien's neologism for the deliberate creation of artificial myth , especially the incorporation of traditional mythic archetypes into current fiction, whether that fiction be something akin to Virgil's propaganda in The Aeneid , the vishniac university of saskatchewan athletics Romantic poetry of indiana law school bloomington tuition, William Blake, or the fantasy literature of stevenson, C.S. Lewis or Tolkien himself. Law School? Tolkien connected mythopoeia with his theological doctrine of subcreation (q.v.) (2) Tolkien's poem of the same title, which he wrote in response to an argument he and rasselas help the other Inklings had regarding C.S. Lewis' atheism shortly after September 19, 1931. C.S. Lewis initially felt he could not believe in a literal resurrection of Christ because the narrative pattern in the Gospels echoed much older myths about indiana university law school bloomington tuition, sacrificial dying gods, as detailed at length in Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough . He thus thought that the Gospel stories, though breathed through silver, were merely pretty lies. Tolkien's counter-argument was that, even though much older versions of the story existed before the time of Christ, that did not matter.

Tolkien argued that, what God did in the incarnation and crucifixion was to take the older stories and make them literally true. Our older myths expressed man's deepest longest for redemption and resurrection, and that God chose to fulfill those ancient desires by ecu beats tech, giving Christ to humanity--and thus the older myth could be made flesh and walk among us. MYTHOS : (1) Approaching the world through poetic narrative and traditional ritual rather than rational or logical thought. (2) The collected myths of a specific culture in a general sense rather than in reference to one particular narrative or character. For instance, we might refer specifically to the myth of indiana law school bloomington tuition, Hercules fighting the Hydra, the myth of Kali drinking demons' blood, or the myth of the giant Ullikummis, but we would more generally say these tales belong to the Greek mythos , the Hindu mythos , or the Hittite mythos , respectively. Cf. mythology .

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Is Playster Rejecting LGBT+ Books? (Update: Situation Now Remedied) Like many indie authors, I distribute my books to some retail platforms through Draft2Digital, a company I’ve always found to be competent, responsive, and trustworthy. At some point in the fairly recent past, D2D added Playster to its roster of indiana university tuition, retail platforms. Playster is a digital entertainment subscription service that includes ebooks, similar to Scribd, Amazon’s Kindle Unlimited program, and the now-defunct Oyster: for university saudi union, $9.95 a month, you can access what Playster advertises as a library of university bloomington, more than 250,000 “premium titles” — “the world’s only truly unlimited ebook service” (source). Playster’s site is rutgers university user experience research, full of the indiana law school bloomington, rhetoric of freedom and tech 2008 limitlessness — attempts, I assume, to play off the law school bloomington tuition, name of Amazon’s program while distinguishing itself from Scribd, which restricts borrowing within certain genres. Just a sampling: “Entertainment Unlimited is about freedom of choice, and that’s what we’re giving you with Playster” (source); “The best thing about tech 2008 what we’re doing is its limitless potential. … we’re always looking at indiana law school tuition ways to give you more choice and jessica stevenson of toronto bring you closer to the things you love” (source); “No Restrictions. Law School Bloomington. … Spend as long as you like enjoying your favorite titles and discovering new things” (source); “World’s Most Diverse Digital Catalogue … Find everything you’re looking for” (source); “Anytime, Anywhere, Anyone … Playster is essential for families needing different things for saudi students, different people” (source). Sounds pretty good, right?

Unfortunately, at least four KBoards authors who attempted to distribute LGBT+ themed books to Playster are reporting that those books were rejected, even as their non-LGBT+ books were accepted. Indiana University Bloomington Tuition. According to an email shared by one of these authors, Playster claims “erotic content” as the reason for jessica stevenson university, her books’ rejection. The platform’s Terms of indiana university law school bloomington tuition, Service do reject content that’s “obscene, vulgar, pornographic, offensive, profane, contains or depicts nudity, contains or depicts sexual activity, or is otherwise inappropriate as determined by [Playster] in of chicago school john, [its] sole discretion” (Source). But that prohibition doesn’t seem to offer a convincing rationale for the rejections. Indiana University Law School Bloomington Tuition. This author said her rejected books do have “steamy” scenes, but those scenes are no steamier than what appears in virginia tech chevrolet, her straight romances that Playster accepted.

Furthermore, Playster previously accepted the LGBT+ books of hers that it is now rejecting. University. Another author said none of laboratory school john dewey, her rejected books “has more sexual content than a kiss.” One isn’t even a romance. So the catalog is “the world’s most diverse” … so long as we’re talking about straight folks? You can read books that “bring you closer to the things you love” … unless you’d love to read books about indiana university law school bloomington tuition gay characters? It’s great for “families needing different things for different people” … but if they have a daughter who likes to read f/f romance, she’s sh*t out of rutgers user, luck? Using Playster “means no restrictions” … except, you know, that one ? Seriously, I had to tie my hands behind my back to make myself end the indiana university, second paragraph of this post. There’s so much “freedom” and university user experience “choice” rhetoric in Playster’s verbiage that I got a little irony-drunk.

In 2017, it should go without saying that a book is not “erotic” just because it focuses on gay, lesbian, bi, or transgender characters. Books about LGBT+ people can be erotic or not erotic, just like books about tuition straight, cis-gender people. I am really hoping this is help, some kind of mistake. Hopefully D2D can liaise with Playster to shed some light on this situation and, if there really is a no-LGBT-books policy at Playster, help us get it changed. Bloomington Tuition. I mean, sure, Playster can sell and not sell whatever it chooses. Of Chicago Dewey. But a policy to exclude LGBT+ books from its catalog would be unacceptable to many readers, as well as to authors on both the indie and traditional sides of university law school tuition, publishing. I encourage authors and readers to contact D2D and/or Playster* and express their concerns. Rasselas Essay Help. I’ve written to D2D myself. I hadn’t yet distributed my books to Playster, but if I had, I would have pulled them, pending clarification.

I’ll certainly update this post as new information comes in. Indiana University Bloomington. Again, very much hoping these book rejections can be explained in some other way. * Looks like you might need to use Playster’s live chat feature to contact them. I couldn’t get the “email us” link on the above-linked page to work. University Of Toronto. The person I chatted with said I would need to send my question here: publishing@playster.com. I’ve done that and will update this post when I get a response. Update, 9/2/17: Dan Wood, director of author relations at D2D, has chimed in on the KBoards thread to say they’re “working on” the problem. He said he thinks it may be “just a misunderstanding over university, what is meant by some of the university union, BISAC categories [D2D] sent Playster.” Update, 9/5/17: Playster has posted in indiana university, the KBoards thread, saying that it is in “absolutely no way discriminating against LGBTQ+ content.” Their explanation for the rejections is user experience research, that they have “been receiving books with underage characters, and therefore put a temporary ban on all books labelled ‘erotica’ that are delivered from self-publishing platforms.” They say they are “investigating the possibility that some books have been mislabeled.” I’m glad to see this message and to know Playster rejects discrimination and university bloomington tuition is trying to fix this problem. The difficulty for me comes in figuring out where and how the “mislabel[ing]” could have happened. An author submits Book MM and Book MF to ilene busch vishniac of saskatchewan D2D and chooses to distribute both books to Playster.

These books have similar content, and the author does not give either book an “erotica” label or category. Book MM ends up banned by Playster as erotica and university law school tuition Book MF doesn’t. So … when and university of chicago school how was the “erotica” label placed on Book MM , and why wasn’t that label placed on the Book MF ? Update, 9/6/17: Playster posted further on KBoards that they are “investigating the labeling thoroughly, using some of the examples in university tuition, [the KBoards] thread, to establish exactly what’s happening,” and stevenson university asking for university, “patience.” Very glad to know they’re working on university saudi, the problem. Update, 9/7/17: Playster has updated the KBoards thread with the following: After careful investigation of each step of our content ingestion process for self-publishing platforms, we discovered that our restriction on the ‘erotica’ category had unintentionally affected other tags and bloomington genres, including LGBTQ+ fiction. We are extremely sorry for rutgers research, our mistake and any hurt it may have caused – it was never our intention to block these titles. What happens now? The books that were wrongfully declined are currently being added to the Playster catalog where they will join our existing collection of LGBTQ+ titles previously delivered by our other major publishing partners. Playster takes an extra cautious approach when it comes to university law school self-published fiction because we do not have a large in-house team that is able to thoroughly read and stevenson of toronto review all titles that are submitted. However, we accept that, in this case, our efforts to solve one problem inadvertently caused another. We strongly encourage authors to contact us if they have any further problems submitting books to Playster or notice that any titles that should be present are missing.

They can do so by emailing us directly at law school support@playster.com. So, good news! And, I might add, quite a prompt response, given that the problem came to light over the U.S. Labor Day weekend. I’ll admit to some lingering curiosity about exactly how Playster’s ban on erotica came to affect other tags and genres in ways not intended. I speculated on one possibility toward the end of this KBoards post, but I have no idea whether that’s actually what happened. All in all, this seems like a positive resolution. Thanks to D2D and of saskatchewan athletics Playster for the quick and productive attention. Update, 9/8/17: A number of authors are now reporting their LGBT+ books have successfully published to Playster. Very much worth reading … On Friday, a book jumped to the #1 spot on indiana university bloomington, Amazon, out of nowhere; it quickly became obvious that the author had used a clickfarm to ecu beats chevrolet gatecrash the charts. The Kindle Store is officially broken.

This is not the first time this has happened and tuition Amazon’s continued inaction is increasingly baffling. Last Sunday, a clickfarmed title also hit #1 in the Kindle Store. And Amazon took no action. Over the last six weeks, one particularly brazen author has put four separate titles in the Top 10, and university dewey Amazon did nothing whatsoever. There are many such examples. I wrote at the start of June about how scammers were taking over university bloomington, Amazon’s free charts. Virginia Tech 2008. That post led to a phone conversation with KDP’s Executive Customer Relations. Repeated assurances were given that the indiana law school bloomington tuition, entire leadership team at Amazon was taking the scammer problem very seriously indeed. But it was also stressed that the…

Authors Report Amazon Is Aware of tech 2008, KU Reporting Problem. Several authors are reporting having called Amazon and law school bloomington been told the company knows Kindle Unlimited pages-read are not reporting properly. One heard about “an ongoing problem on the pages appearing in virginia chevrolet, the reports,” and indiana law school tuition another was told that. Amazon is aware of the problem and has received a lot of Emails and calls this week about it. He actually said it has been “elevated far above my position, to of chicago laboratory school our highest team.” … He assured me my complaint would be escalated to that team and I should be called or Emailed by them without a form response.

Still another reports having been assured via email that Amazon’s “technical team is looking into it.” This information may not to tuition have trickled down to boston saudi students the frontline KDP reps, who seem still to be sending out “everything’s fine” form letters in response to email queries. If you’re concerned about your pages-read figures, you may have to press for your query to be elevated or just call Amazon directly (866-216-1072) and university ask to speak to university saudi union KDP technical support. I’m glad to indiana university tuition hear Amazon is working on this problem. Kudos to those authors who noticed it and were insistent enough to get KDP’s attention. KU Page-Reads May Be Reporting Inaccurately. Here’s the thing about electrons: no one can see them. That means those of us who produce digital wares are wholly dependent on retailers to report our sales, borrows, or page-reads accurately. There are some worrisome indications that this may not be happening at Amazon.

Specifically, romance author Becca Fanning says in a Kboards thread that a number of writers have noticed weird changes in saudi students, their Kindle Unlimited page-read* rates: For the university, past few weeks dozens of authors have been reporting that their page read counts on new releases have been … off. Not off by ten percent, but by 50-95%. These are for consistent releases with expected patterns of performance (as expected as you can be in this industry). Essay Help. I don’t want this discussion to get bogged down in conjecture about bad books, bad promos, etc. Sales numbers and sales ranks are as expected, but page reads are drastically lower.

The problem seems to be affecting new releases, and perhaps also books whose metadata has recently been updated, as reported in the same thread by nonfiction author Kara King. Now, before you roll your eyes and dismiss this claim as yet another case of authors unfairly blaming poor sales on a retail platform, these are books that are “selling well, ranking well,” but not accumulating page-reads at bloomington the rate expected, given their sales numbers and/or ranking. School John. Fanning uses the example of promoting a book, selling 80 copies, and only getting 100 page-reads, whereas similar promotions in the recent past would generate 80 sales and 2,000 page-reads. It’s the ratio of sales to page-reads that’s off. And here’s the kicker: Emails began to fly, initially meeting with a stalwart wall of “We looked into indiana university law school bloomington your pages read and can confirm that they are accurate.” Most of 2008, us took that and gave up. But one didn’t. They insisted on getting someone on the phone and elevating their issue up the chain. After thirty minutes on the phone, insisting something wasn’t right, something kind of miraculous happened: On Friday Sept 30, Amazon admitted that there’s a problem on indiana university law school bloomington tuition, their end and that they have to rutgers university user research get their legal team involved . That really pricked my ears. Amazon? Admitting a problem?

Involving its legal department? Hello, Nearly Unprecedented, it’s nice to meet you! So far, according to university bloomington tuition Fanning, only a few authors have received adjusted page-read figures, and the adjustments have been small. But quite a few people are reporting significant disruptions in their expected page-reads/sales ratios. Fanning says that “the pool of jessica stevenson, authors who have noticed things aren’t right includes those with fewer than five books under their belt and NYT bestselling authors with over 100 books who regularly break into the top 100 or top 50,” so if there’s a problem with page-read reporting, it could well involve big numbers. At this point, most of our info is secondhand and anonymous. So far as I know, Fanning and indiana bloomington some other authors participating in the Kboards thread are the only ones who’ve made their concerns public. Nevertheless, it seems worthwhile to bring this possible problem to experience research people’s attention. If you have a book that’s selling/ranking well AND has been accumulating significantly fewer than the expected number of page-reads given its sales/rank, you may want to email KDP at law school tuition kdp-support@amazon.com.

It’s also worth reporting discrepancies between book rank and reported sales. *For those unfamiliar with Kindle Unlimited, it’s Amazon’s subscription book-borrowing program, populated mostly (but not entirely) but independently published books. Ecu Beats Virginia 2008. For $9.99/month, readers can have up to 10 borrowed books at a time. Authors are paid not when someone borrows their book but page by page, as each book is tuition, read. Ecu Beats. In order to indiana law school tuition join KU, self-published authors must agree to ecu beats 2008 chevrolet sell their ebooks only university law school bloomington through Amazon. Edit: Hidden Gems has blogged about this issue here (near the end of the post). Think You Couldn’t Possibly Lose Your Amazon Publishing Account? Think Again. There’s this indie author I know a little bit from the Kboards.com forum. Her name is Pauline Creeden, and rasselas essay help she’s an ordinary midlister, like so many of us.

I remember PMing her some time ago and gushing about how particularly beautiful one of her book covers is—the one for Chronicles of Steele: Raven . Here, I’ll include an indiana law school bloomington, image. Experience Research. Gorgeous, eh? Anyway, today I tuned in to university bloomington tuition Kboards and of saskatchewan noticed that Pauline had started a thread. It contained what’s surely the worst news possible for an indie author: Amazon had closed her publishing account. All her ebooks had been taken off sale. Tuition. Permanently. Here’s the email she got from Amazon:

We are reaching out to you because we have detected that borrows for your books are originating from systematically generated accounts. Of Chicago Laboratory Dewey. While we support the legitimate efforts of our publishers to bloomington tuition promote their books, attempting to manipulate the Kindle platform and/or Kindle programs is jessica stevenson, not permitted. As a result of the irregular borrow activity, we have removed your books from the KDP store and university law school tuition are terminating your KDP account and your KDP Agreement effective immediately. As part of the boston saudi students union, termination process, we will close your KDP account(s) and indiana university tuition remove the books you have uploaded through KDP from the Kindle Store. We will issue a negative adjustment to any outstanding royalty payments. Additionally, as per ilene vishniac university athletics, our Terms and Conditions, you are not permitted to open new KDP accounts and university law school bloomington will not receive future royalty payments from additional accounts created. According to Pauline, she received no warnings. Of Chicago School Dewey. She just checked her email and discovered she’d been banned for life from selling on Amazon.

Now, I don’t know Pauline well enough to ask about her sales details, but if this happened to me, 70% of indiana tuition, my writing income would vanish. For most of us, Amazon is by far the best platform for selling books. Losing one’s account there would be a career-ending event for many of laboratory school john, us. While the email Pauline got sounds like a form letter, it does imply that her problem arose from two things: promotional activity and Kindle Unlimited (KU) borrows. Most of university law school tuition, you are probably familiar with Amazon’s KU program. It’s a subscription service through which readers pay about $10/month to read as many books as they like. It’s a great deal for rasselas help, major bookworms. Law School Bloomington Tuition. As a reader, I’m a member myself. KU authors get paid as readers make their way through the books they borrow. So, if someone borrows your 300-page novel and rasselas help reads the entire thing, you get paid for 300 page-reads (about $1.50).

If they only get though half the book, you get paid half as much. University Tuition. When authors self-publish on Amazon, they have to boston students choose whether or not to participate in university, KU. Many choose to do so, as the program includes promotional opportunities and enhanced visibility on the platform. The one downside is ilene busch university athletics, that Amazon demands the indiana law school bloomington tuition, right to offer KU books exclusively; authors can’t upload those books to iTunes or Kobo or other sales sites. Saudi Union. Therefore, authors who have their books enrolled in university bloomington tuition, KU are even more dependent on the Amazon platform. Amazon’s email to Pauline suggests that the KU accounts borrowing and reading her books were not legitimate.

They’re implying, basically, that she paid a click-farm to students union borrow her books and race through them, so that she would get paid for pages that weren’t truly read. There are outfits that do this kind of thing. Indiana University Bloomington. Someone in a developing nation will open twenty KU accounts, which are free for the first month, and of chicago dewey then use those accounts to borrow books and either page though them at high speed or skip directly to the end, generating a pay-out for the author. Indiana University Bloomington Tuition. This is a known scam plaguing KU. Busch Vishniac University. Scammers have been doing stuff like putting up 10,000-page “books” of gibberish, hiring click-farms to indiana university law school bloomington tuition borrow and “read” them, and raking in the big bucks. University Of Chicago Laboratory John. It got particularly bad earlier this year, and Amazon has been cracking down on these scammers in recent months. Which is good, right? No one wants Amazon to be clotted with garbage. But Pauline isn’t a scammer uploading gibberish. She’s a real writer uploading real books.

True, there are probably outfits that real authors, not just gibberish-producing scammers, can hire to do this sort of thing. In fact, Amazon warns against indiana bloomington using black-hat promoters: You’re welcome to promote your book through third-party websites and other services, but we encourage you to keep a close eye on university of saskatchewan athletics, the tactics they use to promote your books. Law School Tuition. You are responsible for ensuring that no tactics used to essay promote your book manipulate the university, Kindle platform and/or Kindle programs. Jessica University. We advise against using any sites that “guarantee” a return on your investment. We support our authors’ efforts to promote their books worldwide, but at indiana university law school bloomington the same time we work to university laboratory school john prevent any manipulation of the indiana bloomington tuition, Kindle platform. But Pauline says she hasn’t used any shady promotional sites. The ones she says she’s hired are those most of us have used. They’re well known and, so far as we’ve heard, they’re perfectly legit, advertising real books to real readers.

Pauline does report that she saw a one-day increase in page-reads on one of her books ( Raven , actually) in May—from the usual 80 per jessica of toronto, day to 25,000. (That’s a big spike, but not a terribly lucrative one. The payment rate for April was $.005/page; if May is similar, 25,000 page-reads will generate $125. Not enough to risk your KDP account over, that’s for sure!) Pauline doesn’t know what caused the spike. She hadn’t promoted the indiana law school bloomington, book recently. Did a click-farm hit her book by accident? Did someone with a grudge target her?

Was it just a glitch? Was the one-day spike even the problem? The problem is that we don’t know what the problem was. No specifics have been shared. Amazon has been “looking into” Pauline’s situation for ten days, now. They’re not telling her anything, and her ebooks remain offline, their rankings getting worse and worse. University Of Chicago School Dewey. It’s got to be a terrifying situation for indiana university law school tuition, her. You know who else is terrified? Everyone. Well, okay, not everyone . Not everyone knows about this. But I’ve seen quite a few authors wondering if they should take their books out of KU, wondering if the benefits are worth the risk.

To be clear, Amazon has the right to do what it did to Pauline. We all agree to the KDP Terms of Service when when we publish, and those terms make it clear that we sell on Amazon’s platform at tech chevrolet Amazon’s pleasure. They can close us down any time for indiana law school, any reason. If they decide to university of chicago dewey take down every book containing the word “moist,” they can go ahead and do that with perfect legality, so far as I understand it. But legality alone doesn’t make right. Taking career-destroying action without warning, in the shape of a form letter; offering no explanation as to university tuition why; sitting on the issue for day after day with no response … this isn’t nice or fair. It’s the saudi students union, way you treat adversaries, not partners.

We want to be Amazon’s partners. Beyond the issue of simple decency, there’s also the indiana law school bloomington, question of the damage this kind of thing will do to KU. Who’s going to put their books in the program if doing so makes one vulnerable to this sort of virginia tech, devastating blow? No one wants to risk account termination. No one. Bloomington. And what readers will sign up for the program if frightened authors pull out all their books? For the good of the whole community, I think someone at Amazon needs to step up and give this situation some personalized attention. Editing on the evening of June 21 to say Amazon has told Pauline her KDP account will be restored. Woo-hoo! Her ebooks aren’t back up yet, but hopefully they will be soon. :)

Editing on June 20 to add a few links to university of chicago laboratory john dewey additional coverage: “Dangers for indiana law school, Prawny Authors,” comment by vishniac athletics Ann Christy at The Passive Voice blog, June 17, 2016. Chronicles of Steele: Raven , by Pauline Creeden—click here for a quick check on the status of Pauline’s ebooks. Editing on January 28, 2017, to note that these bans are hitting more authors. See J.M. Poole/Jeffrey Poole’s experience and law school bloomington tuition Adam Dreece’s experience.

As with Pauline, these authors’ accounts were restored upon rigorous appeal. This video, which came across my Facebook feed, annoys me. Did you take a look? Okay. It’s very unlikely the saudi, duckling is feeding the fish out of “compassion,” as per indiana university law school, the caption someone added on Facebook. Rather, the duckling is dipping its food in virginia tech 2008 chevrolet, the water to university bloomington soften it.

Dabbling species like mallards do this routinely. You won’t find a domestic duck-care site that doesn’t remind you to offer water along with food, so that your ducks can do their thing. So, what’s wrong with seeing this duckling as feeding the tech 2008, fish? Why be the Grinch who destroys the dream of nature as compassionate? Isn’t it a harmless, feel-good mistake? Well, it’s simply not true. That alone is a defense.

I wouldn’t be an educator if I weren’t invested in the idea that getting your facts straight matters. And I wouldn’t be a writer myself if I didn’t care about noticing details — like how the duckling moves away from the fish at a number of points. ‘Cause, you know … they’re taking its food. You can see people pointing this stuff out in the YouTube comments. Indiana University Bloomington. Which is, perhaps, why the video is now making the university user research, rounds on indiana university bloomington tuition, Facebook, where, divorced from those skeptical comments, it’s been shared more than 6,000 and viewed almost 12 million times. But more than that, seeing this as a Golden-Rule-following duckling destroys duckness and replaces it with humanness.

When we anthropomorphize other species, we’re saying, “I’m not going to bother getting to know you as you really are. Instead, I’m going to stevenson of toronto assume you’re just like me.” And pretty soon, everything we look at in nature is university, just a mirror, showing us ourselves. Us, us, us … it’s all about us. It all is us — shells of other creatures, stuffed full of virginia 2008 chevrolet, us. Our values, our priorities. It’s an indiana law school bloomington, unintentional but nevertheless profound kind of narcissism. Rutgers User Research. Other creatures are not allowed to indiana bloomington be themselves, and rutgers research we’re not required to interact with the alien and the other, coming to understand it on its own terms instead of ours. We just take a pass on all that. Real compassion is great, and bloomington one of the things that makes it great is experience research, that it’s unusual, not universal.

Other species do display altruism; we certainly don’t have a lock on it. But those species that don’t display it, even those whose behaviors disturb us instead of law school bloomington tuition, charm us, still deserve to be known as they are. Like most people who are tuned in to current events, I’ve been hearing a lot, over the last few days, about the wisdom of user experience research, admitting refugees to indiana university bloomington the U.S. Jessica Stevenson University Of Toronto. As of Tuesday, twenty-six governors had voiced a desire to indiana stop or delay the settlement of Syrian (and some other) refugees in their states (source). Whether governors actually have the essay, power to deny refugees entry to their states seems unlikely to me, but for my purposes here, it’s the thought that counts. These governors are thinking that one or more of the tuition, refugees we admit might actually be a terrorist in disguise.

Or that one of their kids might grow up to be a terrorist. Despite the fact that the U.S. is university dewey, quite capable of growing its own terrorists, it is, of course, perfectly possible that a refugee might be, become, or parent a terrorist. Even the best screening cannot unfailingly predict human behavior stretching decades into the future, and people arguing in indiana law school bloomington tuition, favor of settling refugees in the U.S. do their position a disservice if they suggest that no refugee could ever become a terrorist or the parent of saudi, a terrorist. Indiana Bloomington Tuition. If you stake your argument on help, that kind of absolute claim, then your entire position collapses at the first exception, and whatever the situation, we can pretty much count on there always being an university, exception. What we need to of chicago laboratory john dewey do instead, I think, is indiana, consider risk and benefit in of chicago laboratory, a careful, rational way. Let’s use a less emotionally charged issue as an indiana university law school bloomington tuition, example: vehicular deaths. Ilene Busch Vishniac Of Saskatchewan Athletics. It’s well known that higher speed limits lead to increased traffic fatalities. Accidents that occur at higher speeds are more likely to indiana university law school bloomington tuition be fatal because the g-force applied to rasselas help the body is so much greater. Bloomington. The best airbags and saudi students seat belts in the world can’t help much with the fact that the organs in your body are going from law school tuition, 60 mph to 0 in half a second. That means all the fluids inside your organs are slamming up against university user research structures that did not evolve to withstand those impacts.

Even if you don’t suffer any blunt force trauma and remain safely inside your vehicle, a high-speed accident can kill you (source). Cars have become a lot safer. Even as our population has grown, traffic fatalities have shrunk. That said, they’re still awfully high: between 30,000 and 35,000 people die this way in the U.S. every year. We could stop many of these deaths if we were to institute a nationwide maximum speed limit of 25 mph and all abide by that limit. Yes, it would take longer to get places, especially when traveling long distances. But saving, say, 25,000 lives a year would be pretty great. That’s tens of thousands of people who would suddenly not lose a parent, spouse, child, sibling, or friend. Not to mention a whole lot of non-fatal injuries prevented.

Seems like a powerful incentive, right? But instead of reducing speed limits, we’re raising them. Law School. When I was learning to drive, the nationwide speed limit was 55 mph. Now it’s as high as 85 in some places. We can map high speed limits in terms of risk vs. benefit: Now, I like driving fast. And I like my Amazon Prime free two-day shipping. And I’m not eager to have my 45-minute commute become a hour-and-a-half commute. Boston Students Union. I am, in other words, a typical American: pretty much willing to law school bloomington tuition trade many thousands of lives, families forever disrupted, and hideous injuries for cost savings and convenience. When I think about it rationally, it doesn’t seem sensible. The risk is so great, and the benefits are so superficial.

And yet, I am not out there trying to ilene busch vishniac university athletics start a 25 to Save Lives movement. Now, let’s look at a yearly risk-vs.-benefit table for indiana university law school tuition, admitting refugees to rutgers experience research the U.S. To be generous to the anti’s, we’ll take the worst-ever year for U.S. terrorism fatalities as our measure of risk: Admittedly, this doesn’t look so good. University Law School Tuition. “Trading” several thousand U.S. lives in order to help 10,000 refugees could be seen as deeply irresponsible. Our governments’ primary responsibility is, after all, to protect us, not to user experience research help citizens of university law school bloomington tuition, other nations.

On the other hand, we have to remember that the September 11 attacks have not been replicated. In a number of the years since, we’ve had zero domestic deaths linked to “Islamic” terrorism. Using this site, I’m counting thirty-three such deaths in the fourteen years since September 11. This article, written prior to this year’s Chattanooga, Tennessee, attacks, puts the figure slightly lower. Busch. However you count it, the number of people killed in the U.S. by self-identified jihadists is far exceeded by the number killed by indiana university law school bloomington right-wing extremists, such as the wretched specimen who gunned down nine people in Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina, earlier this year (source). What this record suggests is that domestic jihadist strikes pose a minuscule risk to American lives during most years.

In years other than 2001, more Americans have been killed by lightning and dogs. Large strikes like those on September 11 are, at least so far, rare. Laboratory School. And even when they do occur, the lose of indiana tuition, life is small compared to university laboratory school any number of other significant threats that may seem less scary. Indiana Law School Bloomington Tuition. Like, for instance, car accidents (more than ten times as many Americans killed every single year). And hospital acquired infections (75,000 U.S. deaths/year). And suicide (about 40,000/year). And falls (about 30,000/year). And drowning (approaching 4,000/year). If it’s your loved one who’s killed in rasselas, a domestic jihadist strike, it’s unbearable. But it’s also unbearable if it’s your two-year-old who’s mauled to death by a dog. Or your mother who goes in for routine surgery and dies of an infection.

Or your husband who dies in a car accident. Indiana. However we lose those we love, it’s unbearable. So, here’s another way to think about risk: as comparative. We’re willing to trade some tens of thousands of traffic deaths for the convenience and cost-savings that come with high speed limits, but the governors of rutgers university user experience research, twenty-six U.S. states are unwilling to trade a handful of indiana law school bloomington, yearly deaths, plus the much smaller risk of a larger strike, to help tens of thousands of people who are absolutely desperate. You know how desperate–you’ve seen the pictures. Let’s do one more risks-vs.-benefits table, this time thinking of September 11 not as a yearly event, which it clearly is not, but as a once-every-fourteen-years level of jessica of toronto, event (and even that may be way too pessimistic … maybe it’s a thirty- or fifty-year event): An average of indiana university bloomington tuition, 215 deaths a year … why does that terrify us so much?

Why are we willing to ecu beats virginia tech 2008 “spend” tens of thousands of lives purchases fun, cost-savings, and convenience but are not willing to spend 215 on compassion? I’m hardly an expert on indiana university law school bloomington tuition, this stuff, but this is how it looks to me: if I’m willing to university john dewey accept the law school bloomington tuition, risks inherent in 85 mph speed limits for ilene busch vishniac of saskatchewan, benefits that, frankly, aren’t all that essential, I should also be willing to accept the tuition, comparatively tiny risks that come with welcoming refugees to my community, especially since the resulting benefits go right to the heart of what it means to be a decent person. There are no jobs, no schools, maybe no food. No place is safe — from bombs, from ilene busch university of saskatchewan athletics, human predators, from your own government. If you get hurt or sick, maybe there’s a hospital miles away. Maybe there isn’t.

The dangers vary from place to place. What’s consistent is that few are attending to your happiness, your rights, your life, or the safety of your children. Whatever the law school bloomington, exact situation, it goes on and on. Two years ago, you told yourself it’d be over by now, one way or another. Things would’ve settled down. Four years ago you told yourself this. Ten years ago. But it’s not over; if anything, it’s worse. That’s because it’s no one person’s fault. No one group’s.

It’s a mess that only gets messier, and there’s no shortage of blame. The real world has a hell of a lot of hydras, and no Hercules. This is the refugee crisis of the school john, 21st century. Though actually, I suspect “crisis” isn’t the right word for it. To me, a crisis is a sudden event of finite duration. I don’t think these mass human migrations will end — not in my lifetime, at any rate. I think they’ll shift, like a river in flood cutting new channels, but I don’t think they’ll stop. So I’m committing to donating 10% of my writing proceeds to Doctors Without Borders and the United Nations High Commission on Refugees.

It’s not a whole lot of money, at university law school tuition this point, but hopefully, in time, it will grow. “Alright” Is All Right, But That Doesn’t Mean It’s the Best Choice. Over on university user research, Kboards today, I read a good thread on indiana bloomington, a perennial editing question, “Is ‘alright’ all right?” I have some thoughts on this matter … of university experience research, course! To fail to care deeply about indiana university law school bloomington such minutia would be to abandon my self-definition as Really Quite Obsessive About Words. Buuuut, the busch vishniac university athletics, thread seemed to have run its course, and I hate to stir things up by adding a post. Indiana Law School Bloomington. Writers can get pretty exercised about virginia this one. Because aren’t we all At Least a Little Obsessive About Words? So, I’ll ask the indiana, question here: Is “alright” all right?

And I’ll go right on user, and stake out an indiana law school bloomington tuition, answer: Yes and university user research no, but mostly no, but perhaps not for indiana law school bloomington, the reason you think. First off, yes, you’ll see “alright” in the dictionary. And you’ll see “comprise” defined as “constitute” and “forte” pronounced for-TAY . School John Dewey. Etc. That’s because these words are in the process of change. A century or three from now, few people will use “all right,” and no one will remember that “comprise” once meant “contain.” Dictionaries are generally descriptive, not prescriptive, so if people out there are using a particular word in a particular way, it will end up in the dictionary. That makes dictionaries not always useful in making editing choices. All many dictionaries will tell you is that, Yes, some people out there are using this word in this way . But you already knew that; if the word weren’t being used in the way you want to use it, it probably wouldn’t have occurred to you to use it that way. Indiana. Some of the better ones have extensive usage notes. I think Dictionary.com is outstanding in university experience, that area. But many of them don’t.

Getting back to “alright”/”all right,” the problem is that the law school tuition, change to essay help the word’s spelling is in process right now, not complete. Therefore, a substantial part of the population thinks of the new spelling as “wrong.” They remember being taught the mnemonic “‘alright’ is indiana law school bloomington tuition, not all right” in grade school, and they took it to heart. They don’t necessarily spend their time navel-gazing about the idea that language is constantly shifting, and that spellings and definitions aren’t really right or wrong in some objective sense, but merely common or uncommon, accepted or not accepted. Most people don’t think of vocabulary that way. Words mean certain things and are spelled in particular ways; you know the right way, or you’re misinformed. And importantly, the types of university saudi students union, people who remember the rule they learned about “alright”/”all right” when they were eight years old are probably more likely to care about which spelling you use. University Bloomington. Just think of it: They remember something from third grade! It’s practically super-heroic. You know what makes people remember stuff from way back when? Caring about rasselas essay it.

Thus, these are the folks who get annoyed that so many people are “doing it wrong, these days.” Those who blithely go around using “alright”? I bet they’re less likely to university law school bloomington tuition get irked at seeing the form they don’t use. Early adopters of jessica stevenson of toronto, language changes are the more flexible folks. University Law School Bloomington Tuition. Because of educational experience or personality or something else, they’ve taken language flux on board more readily. So, does one edit to please the uptight, old fashioned folks or the laid-back, rolling-with-change folks? You can probably guess my answer: When you’re editing and you encounter a word in the process of change, I think it makes sense to choose the stevenson of toronto, older or more traditionally acceptable of the competing forms. The people who are still clinging to the old form/definition will nod and say, Ah, here’s a writer who really knows her stuff!

And the tuition, people who’ve moved on to the newer form in their personal usage? They probably won’t be all that bothered about jessica stevenson university seeing the older form. They’ll be used to encountering it in indiana university law school bloomington, formal documents, or they won’t notice the difference, or they’ll notice it and shrug it off. Some small percentage might think, Ah, that fuddy-duddy, still sticking to the old ways, resisting the natural evolution of language! But I bet they’re a small contingent. So, yeah, there’s nothing really wrong with “alright,” and one day, it will reign victorious. 2008. The pull of “already” and “altogether” and law school bloomington tuition “albeit” and “almost” and laboratory school dewey “already” and “also” and indiana tuition “always” is too strong to resist. “All,” bless its heart, is clearly a word destined to be chopped up and squished onto things. Why should “all right” remain a holdout? BUT. Rutgers User. Until it the contest is tuition, well and truly over and “all right” has come to sound archaic and/or pedantic, I think it will remain the safer choice.

In March 2015, I published a revised version of Nolander on all retail platforms. I’ve updated the book several times before, fixing small mistakes and formatting problems. But this (4th) edition represents more significant changes: The book’s been professionally proofread and formatted. Rutgers Experience. I altered the beginning to speed things up a bit. Indiana Law School. The book has gotten many reviews that say something to the effect of, “Starts off slow, but …,” or, “Took me a while to get into it, but ….” I suspect many potential readers didn’t make it through the leisurely beginning, so I did some tightening. Beth now has her first “paranormal experience” in the opening pages. Instead of having her describe her panic attacks, we see her have one. And Matt, the jessica, ex-boyfriend, has bitten the university bloomington, dust. The Ghosteater chapters now use a straight third-person point of view. Beth is now a digital photographer.

When I wrote Nolander , I didn’t realize how hard it’s become to user experience research acquire film for indiana university tuition, traditional cameras. Now that I’m clued in, making Beth a print photographer seems unrealistic. It would actually be more expensive for her to go that route, not less. I cut down on the amount of sitting-around-and-explaining Graham and Cordus do. I’ve added a glossary at the back to help readers keep track of places, people, and things.

I’ve tweaked the ending slightly to rutgers research try to give the last Beth chapter a little more punch. In so doing, I was trying to address this kind of feedback: “I am a little bummed that the book simply stops as if it were a chapter break rather than having a proper ending.” “… the ending is university law school bloomington, quite abrupt. Another chapter would have helped this book seem complete. Experience. Nothing wrong with a cliff hanger ending but it felt like we lost a chapter at the end, instead of finishing up the tale and leaving it open for university, the next one.” “Abrupt ending was disappointing …” I know cliff-hangers drive people nuts, but I don’t think these readers are reacting to the cliff-hanger, per se. I think the ending felt unintentionally incomplete. This was by far the ecu beats virginia chevrolet, hardest issue to deal with, as I didn’t want to make revisions that would change the novel’s plot. In the end, I just added another couple lines that I hope will give Beth’s last chapter a more complete feel.

I vacillated quite a bit on this revision. Before settling on law school, the additional lines, I experimented with adding a scene. That version (let’s call it Edition 3.5) made it into the free Gods and laboratory school dewey Mortals collection, so if you’re curious, you can check it out it there. I might also print it as a separate blog entry. That’s about it. The overall plot in the 4th ed. remains unchanged, so people who’ve read older editions should be able to go from those to Solatium without any confusion. If you’ve read an older edition and would like to have the new one alongside the old, here’s the indiana university law school tuition, mobi (for Kindle) and rasselas the epub (for most other ereaders). The files are compressed for quick downloading.

Once you have them, you’ll need to open the indiana university law school bloomington, zipped file. You can then read the book on your computer, using an jessica stevenson university, ereading app or a program like Calibre, or you can sideload it to your tablet or ereader. Directions on how to do that are here. Read in good health! :) Error: Please make sure the Twitter account is public.

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essay workshop ideas You and your students encounter persuasive writing everyday. Whether it's the radio announcer telling you why you should keep listening to his station, the television commercial showing you the results of a specific toothpaste, the magazine article examining the life of your favorite rock star, or even the President of the United States giving the State of the Union address, persuasive writing plays an important part in your everyday life. During this workshop, you will take students step-by-step through the process of writing a persuasive essay. The student's goal in university bloomington persuasive writing is to try and university, convince people to agree with them about a specific issue. It is important for tuition, students to rutgers university user research, understand that persuasive writing relies heavily on facts- not opinions. Law School Tuition? That means they'll need to university, do a little research before they ever place pencil to paper. Law School Tuition? While the focus of this project is the creation of rutgers research a persuasive essay, the step-by-step instruction for completing the essay revolves entirely around the writing process. You and your students encounter persuasive writing everyday. Whether it's the radio announcer telling you why you should keep listening to his station, the television commercial showing you the results of a specific toothpaste, the magazine article examining the life of your favorite rock star, or even the President of the United States giving the university law school, State of the university, Union address, persuasive writing plays an important part in your everyday life.

During this workshop, you will take students step-by-step through the process of writing a persuasive essay. The student's goal in persuasive writing is to try and convince people to agree with them about a specific issue. It is important for students to understand that persuasive writing relies heavily on facts- not opinions. That means they'll need to do a little research before they ever place pencil to paper. University? While the focus of this project is the creation of a persuasive essay, the step-by-step instruction for completing the essay revolves entirely around the writing process. A typical class following the ecu beats virginia tech, entire set of indiana law school tuition Persuasive Writing lesson plans can expect to spend one class period each school day for three to five weeks, depending on class size, grade level, and resources. Our weekly lesson planner has divided the project up into rutgers user research a four-week schedule. However, you may choose to work at a slower or faster pace than what we've outlined.

It should be noted that a good portion of the work required to complete this project (including the university tuition, required research) could be completed away from school. This Writer's Workshop project gives students the opportunity to become comfortable with the writing process as they work to ecu beats 2008, complete a persuasive essay. Law School Bloomington? The workshop is university school john, designed to take students through each step of the writing process and includes tutorials, worksheets, online planning tools and interactive mini-lessons. Begin your workshop with a quick mini-lesson designed to law school bloomington, enhance students' use of transitional words and phrases and fine tune their use of supporting examples- each important skills required for writing a successful persuasive essay. Of Chicago Laboratory School John Dewey? We've provided both interactive online versions of our mini-lessons as well as printable versions you may copy for each student. The pre-writing stage of this project is probably one of the most important. It's during this stage that students will choose their issue person, research an issue, and finally, plan the university, structure of busch university of saskatchewan athletics their essay.

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Students develop an understanding of and respect for rasselas essay help, diversity in language use, patterns, and university, dialects across cultures, ethnic groups, geographic regions, and university of chicago laboratory, social roles. Students participate as knowledgeable, reflective, creative, and critical members of a variety of literacy communities. Indiana University Bloomington? Students use spoken, written, and visual language to accomplish their own purposes (e.g., for learning, enjoyment, persuasion, and the exchange of experience research information). Technology Foundation Standards for indiana university law school tuition, Students use technology tools to enhance learning, increase productivity, and promote creativity. use technology tools to collaborate and interact with peers, experts, and other audiences. Help? use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. University Bloomington? use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. Jessica Stevenson University? use technology tools to process data and report results employ technology in the development of strategies for solving problems in the real world. use technology tools to enhance learning, increase productivity, and promote creativity. use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. use technology tools to indiana university law school bloomington, process data and report results. Introduction to the Unit Mini-Lesson (1 day) Begin the unit with a discussion of persuasive writing and its many uses. Explain that persuasive writing is a tool for getting others to understand a particular point of view. University User Experience Research? If possible, provide adequate examples of persuasive writing students may have already encountered without even being aware of the fact. Be sure to explain that persuasive writing relies heavily on facts- not opinions.

That means students will be doing a little research before they actually begin writing. Next, discuss the overall scope and sequence of the bloomington, workshop. If your class isn't already familiar with the steps of the writing process, review the jessica stevenson of toronto, steps and activities involved with each step. Be sure to include how much class time and homework will be involved with this project. The mini-lessons that accompany this unit, using transitional words and indiana bloomington tuition, supporting examples align nicely with the type of writing required to create a persuasive essay. Start by explaining the importance of transitional words and phrases. Discuss how these skills make it easier to compare and contrast viewpoints- an important skill in persuasive writing. Allow time for students to experience the online activities. End the day with a lesson on supporting details and their relevance in persuasive writing. 2008 Chevrolet? Explain that the supporting details must be facts, not opinions and bloomington tuition, that these details will be obtained through research. If possible, bring in examples of persuasive writing and ask the students to locate supporting details included by the author and then make a list of transitional words and phrases the author used.

The first, and ilene busch university athletics, most important step for writing a persuasive essay is deciding what a student wants persuade someone to believe. Is there a compelling social issue they'd like to correct, a situation within the school that they'd like to change, an issue from history that needs to be addressed, or maybe even a political condition they'd like to explore- the possibilities are endless! Once students have decided on an issue they'd like to indiana law school tuition, explore, give ample time for the research process. Explain that good research is critical to a successful persuasive essay. It is essential that they have content to back up their claims.

Remind students to take detailed notes as they record information that documents both sides of their issue. They will be referring to these notes as they begin to draft their paper. Encourage the use of a variety of different resources: encyclopedias, newspapers, magazines, textbooks, online interviews, public documents, and face-to-face interviews with experts. List the arguments (2#150;3 days) Discuss the importance of relevant arguments in persuasive writing. Distribute the of chicago school john dewey, Arguments For and Arguments Against worksheet.

Examine the fact that it is impossible to persuade someone to believe one's viewpoint without also considering the viewpoint of those who may disagree with him or her. Brainstorm as many examples as possible. Have students review their research and then use the indiana university law school bloomington, worksheet to create a list of arguments for and arguments against their issue. Finally, explain that ultimately they will be choosing their three best arguments to include in vishniac university of saskatchewan athletics their writing. Plan the Structure (1#150;2 days) Explain that all persuasive essays should contain the following elements: Opening/Introduction: In this area students will introduce their readers to the topic and give a little background information. Indiana? Tell students that it works well to state the topic in the form of a question- Is the Iditarod an example of university of toronto cruelty to animals or a sporting event? They must be sure to state their position on the issue within the last sentence of the paragraph. In the opening, they should pull the reader in and give them a reason to keep reading.

Body: Explain that the body of their essay should contain at least three paragraphs. Each paragraph must state a different viewpoint on their topic, examine the opposition to that viewpoint and provide a defense of that viewpoint. Many of the best examples of persuasive writing save the most compelling viewpoint for university law school, third body paragraph leaving the reader with the essay, strongest point before closing. The defense must be supported with evidence documented through research. Remind students not to forget the reason for examining an opposing viewpoint- they're trying to indiana university tuition, prove, through the use of factual information-why their opinion is better. Within each paragraph students must be sure to use powerful transitional words and research, phrases as you compare each point. Closing/Conclusion: Explain that the conclusion should always restate the issue and then quickly tie in the three viewpoints examined in the body paragraphs.

Students should never introduce new information in the closing. Tell them to simply summarize the arguments and then close with a powerful statement relating to university bloomington, their originally stated issue. Week three is boston university union, when the real writing begins. Students should write their drafts and make revisions to content. A rough draft allows students to begin the process of organizing their work and getting their thoughts down on paper.

As they begin this phase of the work, remind students to focus on the content and university, allow their ideas to flow freely. Grammar, spelling, and punctuation will be corrected in later steps of the writing process. Next, send the students to their desks and have them read through research and review their structural planing sheet. Require students to spend an john dewey, adequate amount of time students thinking about indiana law school tuition, ways to open their reports - a great hook to keep the reader interested. Finally, allow students at least one class period and additional time at ilene university home to complete this part of the process.

Remind students that this is simply a time to get their thoughts on paper- get content down now, and go back later to make corrections. When everyone has completed his or her first draft, it's time to begin the revision process. Spend time discussing what actually happens during a revision. Add additional information Rearrange events or information Remove unneeded information Replace existing text with new text that better describes or adds additional insight. Remind students that they do not need to correct grammar, punctuation, or spelling during this phase of the writing process.

Tip for Students: A great way to check flow, content, and sentence structure is to read a paper out loud. Once students have drafted and revised their work, it's time to check for grammar, punctuation, capitalization, subject/verb agreement, and spelling. The essays are almost ready for indiana, their debut. The reviewing process comes next. This step is painful to some students, so be sure to offer a variety of options for review. Teacher Conference Peer Review Self-Assessment Tell students to think of the Reviewing process as a dress rehearsal#151;one last time to get it right before the rest of the ecu beats 2008 chevrolet, world gets to see their report. In some schools, this step is called Celebrate. In many aspects, publishing is a form of celebration. University Law School? It's a time for ilene university, students to share their work with others and in indiana university bloomington this case, the world. There are many great ways to publish a persuasive essay. One great way is to share it with the world by posting it on the Internet.

Other great publishing ideas include: Using their persuasive writing as the university user experience, base, have each student create a 60-second videotaped commercial designed to convince others of law school their views. Saudi Union? Actually mail the indiana law school tuition, students' papers to the person or organization they're trying to persuade. Ecu Beats Virginia 2008 Chevrolet? Be sure to have them request a formal response to indiana law school tuition, their letter. Have students use a multimedia software program to create an interactive version of their writing complete with graphics, photos, and recordings that help state their argument. Host a debate on the issues.

Ask fellow students to take the opposing viewpoints, research their side, and then host a debate. See if you can get your school or local paper to publish the students' persuasive writing attempts.