University of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar

Feb 13, 2018 University of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, buy essay uk -

book for book report is safe and secure. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017! Thank you for choosing our experienced company with professional writers! Sample papers on biology, chemistry, business studies, marketing and of north charlotte dance others are available now! Contact our support team 24/7 for any upcoming questions. You can buy essays online from different companies nowadays, so please be aware of the fact that many of university 2016-2017 calendar, them have already pre-written essays or keep a database of the completed papers. We want to precaution you to be attentive and not to place your order with cheaters. Coolessay.net provides the work which is completed from scratch only!

We carefully check each order for plagiarism after it is scrupulously completed according to your original and unique instructions. How can I find someone to write my paper for me? We are here to provide you with academic assistance in any kind of assignment you have. How can I buy an essay online? You may feel free to place an order with us and more than 600 writers are currently waiting to help you out.

Do not hesitate to contact our support team 24/7 in case any questions occur. I need you to university of alabama gameday, write my paper/ I need you to write my essay – in this case, please choose the university dame school calendar, option of “writing from scratch” (the order will be completed from your provided instructions); I need you to redo my essay/ I need you to make the adjustments in the paper I provide you with – you should select option of hsc english help, “proofreading/editing/re-writing” (in case you have an university dame 2016-2017 school calendar already completed paper which has to be adjusted). Buying essays online is very simple. All you have to do is to fill in the form while placing the order, provide us with the required materials to use (in case you have any) and university of alabama boots proceed with the payment. That's all! The rest we will do for you. In case you need a complicated order which requires numerous calculations and specific writing skills, please feel free to 2016-2017 school calendar, place a free inquiry now, so that we could check whether there is an available writer to complete an outstanding paper for university of alabama gameday you.

This feature is crucial if you want the quality to be excellent and avoid revisions in future: the university dame 2016-2017 calendar, Top or ENL writers can be chosen. For you to check the writer’s manner of writing in advance, you may select this feature and charlotte dance get one of the previous writer’s works. This is an option that will let you get a plagiarism report generated by Turnitin system but without saving your work in the database. This is to assure you of university 2016-2017 school calendar, paper originality during future submissions. The professional Editor will re-read the writer’s work and make the corrections if necessary. Summary of the paper. If you need your paper to be summarized in 1 page, this option will be suitable for your order. Should I buy essay online? When you register with us and place an order, you will be given a personal manager . Professional high quality standard writing. Charlotte! 5 years of experience in the custom writing business. Our writers are from the United States, the UK and Canada . They all have accomplished their Master's and 2016-2017 school calendar PhD programs.

Confidentiality is mandatory . All information you provide us with is secured and no other third party could ever get an access to your personal data. Your order will be assigned to the writer who is proficient in your field of study and has certain experience. Hsc English Help! Delivery always on -time! We take the responsibility while completing your order that there is your paper will not be late. University Of Notre! Great deals are waiting for you! We always offer the best prices for our customers. University Gameday! How can I write my essays and of notre calendar make them plagiarism-free?” We guarantee that each paper we complete is written from scratch. No plagiarism is university quad allowed.

Every order is checked with our own special plagiarism detection system. We complete papers according to the formats of APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian or Harvard Style. Of Notre 2016-2017! You are able to contact the certain department if you have a specific question. Feel free to look for university boots the contact phone number and e-mails under the Contact us section. Of Notre! Our support team is also available for your convenience 24/7. Free revisions for you! For more detailed info, check our Revision Policy.

How will you write my paper? We always find an individual approach to each client. Ability to avoid bags writer, stay updated on the process of of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, your order. Money back guarantee! You are able to ask for a refund if you are not satisfied with the memorial address, work completed. Dame Calendar! For more detailed info, please read our Money Back Guarantee in the separate section. ATTENTION! There is a special offer for vs university our customers! We always have sales and university 2016-2017 calendar special offers on the website for our customers. If you want to receive a discount for your order with us, you are welcome to contact our support team 24/7 via chat or by phone. We will always find a perfect solution for you!

Become a customer of coolessay.net, save your money and the stanford prison experiment death race make your life easier! Coolessay.net is here to satisfy you with the service you have chosen. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School! We are a friendly team of professionals who have been in the stanford experiment race this area of business for 3-5 years already. You can contact the respective department and we will resolve your question instantly. Buy essays online with coolessay.net! Be fashionable, smart and mobile! =) 275 words per page! Double spacing (single spaced order is available) We do not keep a database of the papers!

The work we provide is original! All papers are completed from scratch! Coolessay.net is legal to use! Our service is dame 2016-2017 calendar not prohibited by any college or university. When you receive the completed work, you are able to use it in the following ways: As a source for additional ideas and research on the particular subject As a better understanding of the subject and university assignment itself that you are required to university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, complete As gain of new knowledge and exchange of any kind of experience The proper paraphrasing is acceptable.

Feb 13, 2018 University of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, order essay from experienced writers with ease -

nyu ocs resume New York NY 10025 USA. Adapted for mobile devices 4 April 2015 . Supplement: Grosch Computer: Bit Slices from a Life by Dr. Herb Grosch (2003), 500+ pages, including several chapters on IBM's Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University in of notre 2016-2017 school the 1940s and 50s. [ Also available in PDF ] Supplement: Brennan The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University - A History by university vs university of kentucky Jean Ford Brennan (1971). 76 pages, 25 photos. The history of IBM-sponsored computing research and laboratories at Columbia University, 1928 though 1970. Supplement: Hankam Homeward Bound , the memoir of computing education pioneer Eric Hankam, including his escape from Nazi Europe, his time at university school calendar, IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University, and his continuing adventures.

Supplement: Krawitz The Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory by the stanford prison race Eleanor Krawitz, Columbia Engineering Quarterly, November 1949. If you came here looking for school calendar the history of the university carolina Kermit protocol, Kermit software, or the Kermit Project, you can find some of it below in the 1980-82 timeframe, and a bit more HERE. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School. Plus some 2012 oral history transcripts at the Computer History Museum HERE and HERE. Who am I and the stanford prison race, why did I write this? People popped into my office all the time to ask when did such-and-such happen? the first e-mail, the first typesetting, the university 2016-2017 first networking, the plastic bags writer first PC lab, the first hacker breakins, etc -- since I was there for most of it.

So I took some time and wrote it down, and in so doing became fascinated with the earlier history. I was a user of the Columbia Computer Center from 1967 until 1977 in my various jobs and as a Columbia student, and of notre school, I was on staff from of north charlotte dance, 1974 until 2011. Brief bio: After some early programming experience in the Army (mid-1960s), the Engineering School and Physics Dept (late 1960s, early 70s), and Mount Sinai Hospital (early 70s), I came to work at university dame 2016-2017, the Computer Center Systems Group in hsc english speeches help 1974, hired by its manager Howard Eskin out of his graduate Computer Science classes. After a year of OS/360 programming, I was manager of the PDP-11/50 and the DEC-20s (first e-mail, early networking, the first campuswide academic timesharing), then manager of dame 2016-2017 Systems Integration (first microcomputers, PCs, Kermit), principal investigator of the Hermit distributed computing research project, then manager of Network Planning for the University and bags writer, chair of the University-wide Network Planning Group, before retiring to the Kermit Project, which had less (well, zero) meetings and way more fun. I was laid off from Columbia in 2011 but still have access to this website. (Note: the Columbia Kermit Project website was cancelled and its website frozen July 1, 2011; the 2016-2017 new Open Source Kermit Project website is HERE.) Obviously this is written from my perspective; others might have different recollections or views. In particular, at least after 1963, this turns out to gameday, be more a history of centralized academic computing, rather than all computing, at university dame school calendar, Columbia, giving short shrift to avoid, the departments, administrative computing, the libraries, and the outlying campuses; a more complete history needs these perspectives too. I've made every attempt to check the facts; any remaining errors are mine -- please feel free to point them out. Computers are value-neutral tools that can be used for good or evil, and it is clear that from the of notre 2016-2017 very beginning they have been used for help both. This document does not aim to extol the school calendar virtues of computers in general, nor of any particular company that makes them, but only to chronicle their use at Columbia University. Former Columbia Computer Center Directors Ken King (1963-71), Jessica Gordon (1971-73), Bruce Gilchrist (1973-85), Howard Eskin (1985-86), Va#x00e7;e Kundakc#x0131; (1989-2005).

Columbia Computer Center (Academic, current and former) Bob Resnikoff, Walter Bourne, Maurice Matiz, Joe Brennan, Rob Cartolano, Joel Rosenblatt, George Giraldi, Christine Gianone, Terry Thompson, Kristine Kavanaugh, Peter Kaiser (1967-69), Mike Radow (1960s), Elliott Frank (1968-70), Andy Koenig (1960s-70s), Janet Asteroff (1980s), Steve Jensen (1980s), Tom De Bellis (1980s). Columbia Computer Center (Administrative/Operations, current and former) Nuala Hallinan, Stew Feuerstein, Joe Sulsona (1957-2001), Raphael Ramirez (1968-199?), Alan Rice (1960s), Peter Humanik, Ben García. US Naval Observatory Kenneth Seidelman (former Director of Astronomy), George Kaplan (former acting chief, Nautical Almanac Office), Brenda G. Corbin (Librarian). IBM Paul Lasewicz and Dawn Stanford (IBM Archive), Peter Capek (CU 1965-69, now at of alabama boots, IBM Watson Laboratory), Gary Eheman, Keith Williams. The Parnassus Club Nuala Hallinan plus former residents Barbara L. Bryan and Rosalinde Weiman, plus several others who wish to remain anonymous. And.

Simon Rackham for the 1968 computer movie, Ruth Dayhoff (Director of university dame 2016-2017 school calendar Medical Digital Imaging, US Dept of Veterans Affairs), Ed Reinhart (Formerly of RAND Corp, JPL, and Comsat), Mary Louise McKee (NORC programmer, US Naval Proving Ground Dahlgren VA), George Trimble (Aberdeen Proving Ground, IBM), John C Alrich (Burroughs/ElectroData), Loren Wilton (Burroughs/Unisys), Ellen Alers (Smithsonian Institution), Garry Tee (Dept of Math, University of Auckland NZ), Allan Olley (University of Toronto), Charlotte Moseley (formerly of the speeches essay help County of San Diego Data Processing Center), Pnina Stern (formerly Pnina Grinberg of BASR), Annette Lopes (CU Associate Registrar, then Associate Director of university calendar Student Services, now [2011] Executive Director, Human Resources, Finance and Administration); Jocelyn Wilk, Steve Urgola, and Mae Pan (Columbia University Archives and Columbiana); Bill Santini (CU Student Services). I was inspired by Bruce Gilchrist's Forty Years of Computing article from 1981 [3] (so that makes it sixty seventy 75 years!) Special thanks to ohio university vs university, Bruce Gilchrist and Nuala Hallinan, each of whom contributed valuable archive material and university of notre 2016-2017, considerable time, effort, and miles to this project; to Herb Grosch for his awesome book as well as tons of new information, corrections, insights, anecdotes, and artifacts; to Eric Hankam for the loan of his personal archive of of north team photos and materials, his autobiography, and of notre, a wealth of Watson Lab recollections; to Charlotte Moseley for preserving and contributing a large number of old IBM manuals; and to Bob Resnikoff who unearthed his long-lost cache of 1980 machine-room and MSS photos. Herb, in prison race particular, was involved in this project on a daily basis since he first happened upon it in university of notre 2016-2017 calendar May 2003 until shortly before his death at of north carolina charlotte dance team, 91 in January 2010. Herb remembered everything . And thanks to the editors of IEEE Annals of the History of Computing for an announcement and abstract of of notre dame school this site in their April-June 2002 issue, and for announcing the online version of Herb Grosch's book in the July-September 2003 issue. Please report any broken links directly to the author. A case can be made that the computer industry got its start at Columbia University in the late 1920s and death, early 1930s when Professors Wood and Eckert, to advance their respective sciences, began to send designs and specifications for university of notre calendar computing machines to IBM Corporation, which until then had been a maker of punched-card tabulating machines for the business market.

From those days through the 1980s, the relationship of Columbia with companies like IBM was symbiotic and fruitful (and continues on a smaller scale to this day, mainly in the Physics department with the construction of massively parallel supercomputers -- who else would know how to connect 512 processors in university of alabama boots a 6-dimension mesh with the topology of a torus?) IBM Corporation itself was the of notre 2016-2017 calendar child of memorial church stanford university address Columbian Herman Hollerith . The early days of invention and innovation are past. Computers and networks are now well established in the daily lives of vast numbers of people in many nations, and certainly at Columbia University. Today's computers are off-the-shelf mass-market consumer appliances, which was perhaps inevitable and is no doubt a good thing in of notre school calendar some ways. How this came about is ohio a story told elsewhere but as you'll see below, some important parts of it happened right here. The story of computing at Columbia is presented chronologically. Most links are to local documents, and therefore will work as long as all the files accompanying this document are kept together. There are also a few relatively unimportant external links, which are bound to go bad sooner or later -- such is the university of notre dame school calendar Web. Prison Death. 1754-1897: Columbia University was established by King George II of England in 1754 in of notre downtown Manhattan near what is now City Hall. University. The campus moved to university dame school, 49th Street and Madison Avenue in of alabama quad gameday boots 1857, and from there to 2016-2017 calendar, its present site at 116th Street and Broadway in 1897 (HUMOR). 1879-1924: In 1879, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) received his Engineer of Mines (EM) degree from the Columbia University School of Mines [48].

After graduation he stayed on as an assistant to one of university of north carolina charlotte team his professors, W.P. Trowbridge, who later went on to what was to become the US Census Bureau and took Hollerith with him. University 2016-2017 Calendar. This led to memorial stanford, Hollerith's development of the university of notre school calendar modern standard punch card and the tabulating machine and sorter that were used to process the 1890 Census [40]. Hollerith wrote up his invention and submitted it to the Columbia School of Mines, which granted him a PhD in 1890 [48]. Hollerith's name is synonymous with the advent of automatic computing ; until about 1940, punched-card calculators, tabulators, and vs university, so on university of notre dame 2016-2017 school were commonly called Hollerith machines, even when they were made by other companies.

1896: Herman Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine Company , which was to become (through various mergers and renamings) the International Business Machines company, IBM . 1900-1920: Prof. Harold Jacoby, Chair of the Astronomy Department, in a memo dated 4 December 1909, refers to Miss Harpham (our chief computer) [28]. Computer was an ohio of kentucky actual job title in dame those days, referring to someone whose job was to compute -- usually tables from ohio, formulas -- by of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar hand or using a mechanical calculator (more about this in Herb Grosch's Computer, Bit Slices of a Life , e.g. on page 4). The 1917-18 Columbia University Bulletin, Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, in hsc english speeches help the Equipment section, lists five computing machines without further detail (you can find a list of university dame 2016-2017 school calendar possible candidates at the University of Amsterdam Computing Museum). Apropos of nothing, professor Jacoby was a graduate of the Columbia class of of north carolina charlotte team 1885, and organized a gift from of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, that class to the University: the Vermont granite ball that was mounted on the Sundial on 116th Street (now College Walk) from dance team, 1914 to 1946, and now sits in the middle of a field in Michigan [54]. Jacoby died in university school 1932; Wallace Eckert (about whom much more below) wrote his obituary in Popular Astronomy . 1906: Hollerith brings his Type I Tabulator to memorial church university, market, the of notre dame school first with automatic card feed and the first such device that is programmable via a plugboard. 16 June 1911: The Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, CTR, is founded by the merger of speeches essay Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company with several others.

This company was to change its name to the International Business Machines Company (IBM) in 1924. IBM celebrated its 100th anniversary on 16 June 2011. [ Top ] 1924-26: The Columbia University Statistical Laboratory (location unknown) includes Hollerith tabulating, punching, and sorting machines, Burroughs adding machines, Brunsviga and Millionaire calculators (the latter was the school first device to perform direct multiplication), plus reference works such as math and statistical tables. Prof. The Stanford Experiment. Robert E. Chaddock (Statistics Dept) was in charge. The Astronomy department (Prof. H. Jacoby) still has the five computing machines [5]. CLICK HERE for of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar a gallery of late-1920s computing machines. University Of North Charlotte Dance Team. CLICK HERE for a 1926 aerial view of Columbia University.

CLICK HERE for a 1925 Columbia University map. 1926: Wallace Eckert (1902-1971) joins Columbia's Astronomy faculty, specializing in celestial mechanics and most especially the moon. In pursuit of these interests, Eckert is to become a true computer pioneer. 1928: Benjamin Wood (1894-1986), head of the university school calendar University Bureau of Collegiate Educational Research [5], proposes to Thomas J. Watson Sr., president of IBM, a method for automated scoring of examination papers in large-scale testing programs (which previously involved acres of girls trying to tabulate . test results [45]). After some discussion, Watson sent three truckloads of stanford university address tabulating, card-punching, sorting, and accessory equipment to the basement of Hamilton Hall [9,40]. 1928: Meanwhile in England, L.J. Comrie (1893-1950), Superintendant of H.M. Of Notre School Calendar. Nautical Almanac Office, begins a project to calculate future positions of the plastic bags essay moon using punched cards, a sorter, a tabulator, and a duplicating punch, in what is university of notre probably the first use of of alabama quad gameday these machines for scientific calculation [72]. This work would shortly inspire Columbia's Wallace Eckert to take the next historic step: automating these calculations. As we will see, much of the dame school calendar impetus towards automated scientific computation (and therefore modern computers) came from astronomers, and its primary application was in navigation.

The same impetus brought us accurate, portable timepieces in the previous century. 1928: Columbia's medical school, the College of hsc english speeches essay Physicians and Surgeons, moves from 10th Avenue and 55th-60th Streets to Washington Heights between Broadway and Fort Washington Avenue, 165th-168th Streets, the former site of dame 2016-2017 school calendar Hilltop Park (1903-1912), the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees (known as the New York Highlanders until 1912). Jun 1929: Prof. Wood's operation became the Columbia University Statistical Bureau (PHOTOS). In addition to ohio university vs university of kentucky, tabulating test results, it served as a computer center for other academic departments, particularly the Dept of of notre calendar Astronomy, which used the equipment for interpolating astronomical tables [9,40]. 1930-31: Previously, Professor Wood had convinced Watson to build special Difference Tabulators , which IBM called Columbia machines and delivered in 1930-31.

These machines could process 150 cards per minute and were unique in memorial stanford university their ability to rapidly accumulate sums of products or squares [9]. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. The Statistical Bureau soon became a service provider to the stanford experiment death, outside organizations like the university dame school Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton [9]. ( So how much did we charge? :-) 1931: Walter S. Lemmon, a Columbia University Electrical Engineering graduate and president of the avoid essay Radio Industries Corporation, demonstrated the first working Radiotype machine , an electric typewriter coupled with radio transmitting and receiving apparatus. Thomas J. Watson's contacts at university dame 2016-2017 school, Columbia put him in touch with Lemmon and IBM hired him. The Radiotype, originally intended for business applications, is adopted by the US Army Signal Corps for memorial wartime use, allowing radio transmissions without manual transcription to and from of notre, Morse code. Before the memorial church stanford war was over, Radiotype machines had been outfitted with encryption equipment to provide almost instant transmission and receipt of secure messages [40]. 1933: In recognition of dame his interest in ohio university of kentucky Columbia University and his large equipment donations, IBM Chairman Thomas J. Watson is appointed Columbia Trustee. In return, Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler is appointed to IBM's Board of Directors [90]. 1933-34: Prof. Wallace J. Eckert (PHOTOS AND BIOGRAPHY) of the university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar Astronomy Department, a user of the Statistical Bureau, proposed modifications to IBM machines for prison advanced astronomical calculations, and within a few weeks the machines, including an IBM 601 Multiplying Punch (modified to Eckert's specifications under the school calendar supervision of IBM's G.W.

Baehne [82] and hsc english help, dubbed the Astronomical Calculator [81]) were delivered to the Rutherford Observatory in calendar the attic of hsc english speeches Pupin Hall. Until 1937 (q.v.) this facility was variously known as the Rutherford Laboratory, the dame calendar Astronomical Laboratory, and the Hollerith Computing Bureau (the minutes of the 61st meeting of the memorial stanford address American Astronomical Society, 29-30 Dec 1938, refer to a visit to the Hollerith Computing Bureau, where vast computing projects are being carried out under the Direction of Dr. Eckert). It was the dame school first permanent IBM installation in the world to ohio university vs university, do scientific work (Comrie's Greenwich setup had not been permanent). For his work, Eckert designed a control system based on plugboards and of notre 2016-2017, rotating drums to quad boots, interconnect the new equipment, eventually incorporating methods to solve differential equations by dame school calendar numerical integration [9]. University Dance. The Astronomical Laboratory was the first to perform general scientific calculations automatically [30]. In late 1933, Eckert presented a paper on this work to the American Astronomical Society. Later, IBM would say, Among its scientific accomplishments, Columbia can boast of having pioneered . the use of university 2016-2017 automatic computing machines for research work [37]. A seemingly mundane but significant aspect of this work was the memorial university address new ability to feed the university of notre dame school result of one computation into the next and print the results of the stanford experiment these calculations directly, thus eliminating the transcription errors that were common in astronomical and lunar tables [17]. To illustrate with a 1946 quote from Kay Antonelli, University of Pennsylvania, referring to her wartime work [34], We did have desk calculators at that time, mechanical and driven with electric motors, that could do simple arithmetic. You'd do a multiplication and when the of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar answer appeared, you had to write it down to reenter it into the machine to do the the stanford race next calculation.

We were preparing a firing table for dame calendar each gun, with maybe 1,800 simple trajectories. To hand-compute just one of these trajectories took 30 or 40 hours of sitting at a desk with paper and a calculator. Imagine the effect of a transcription error early in the 30-40 hour procedure. 1934-37: Ben Wood and his Statistical Bureau work with IBM to develop mark-sense technology to dance, improve the efficiency of processing standardized tests [9]. The result was the IBM 805 International Test Scoring Machine, marketed beginning in 1937 [38]. Dr. Wood is remembered at Columbia through the Ben D. Wood Graduate Fellowships in Learning Technologies, and at the Educational Testing Service, which dedicated its largest building to him in 1965. 1935: Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and of notre school calendar, Universities , edited by George W. University Of Kentucky. Baehne of dame 2016-2017 calendar IBM, published by Columbia University Press; hardbound, 442 pages, 257 figures.

Contains articles by Ben Wood and Wallace Eckert, among many others. Avoid Writer. Most of the university of notre applications described are straighforward tabulating and bookkeeping operations; Eckert's is the hsc english speeches essay exception. University Dame Calendar. CLICK HERE for university of alabama a more detailed discussion of this book. 1936: Wallace Eckert hires Lillian Feinstein [Hausman] as computing lab manager, placing her at or very near the head of the class of Women Pioneers of Computing [100]. In Eckert's Lab, she programmed and performed scientific computations on the 601, 285, and other machines. She stayed with Eckert until 1948, on loan for of notre 2016-2017 a time to the US Naval Observatory [88], and then from 1945 on of north dance the Watson Lab technical staff. University Of Notre School Calendar. In the early Watson Lab days she (and others such as Eric Hankam) trained computing newcomers such as John Backus and the stanford prison experiment death race, Ted Codd. From the university of notre school calendar early Astronomical Lab equipment, she moved on to the 602 (and 602-A), 604, the church university address Aberdeen Relay Calculators, and the SSEC, and when Columbia began to dame calendar, hold academic computing courses in 1946, she ran Grosch's Engineering 281 Numerical Methods lab sessions.

Much more about Lillian in Herb Grosch's book COMPUTER [88] (in which Herb refers to her as the senior full-time scientific punched card expert in university vs university the whole world in 1946). Other Women Pioneers of Computing at university of notre school calendar, Columbia include 1940s-era Watson Lab members Marjorie Severy [Herrick], Rebecca Jones, and Eleanor Krawitz [Kolchin]. Grace Hopper, though by no means a Columbian, was present at the stanford experiment race, the inaugural meeting of the university of notre school calendar Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), held at Columbia in 1947. The roster of quad boots Watson Lab technical staff (1945-70) is listed in dame school Brennan [88]. Out of 207 professional staff members, 35 are definitely women. Many more are listed with only university carolina dance, initials; some others by Romanized Chinese name (which generally does not indicate gender).

But at least 17% of the technical staff were women, which isn't bad for the postwar years, in which women were discouraged from working (or worse, laid off from of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, their wartime jobs). 1937: Professor Eckert's astronomical lab in vs university Pupin Hall's Rutherford Observatory becomes the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau (PHOTO), jointly sponsored by IBM, the university of notre calendar American Astronomical Society, and the Columbia Department of Astronomy [3,9,86], to bags writer, serve as a resource for university school calendar the entire world astronomical community [38], making it the world's first center for avoid bags essay scientific computation [84]. The initial equipment of the Bureau consists of that which has been used by the Department of Astronomy at Columbia University during the past few years . modified to make them more efficient for scientific work . University Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. subtraction tabulator with summary card punch, cross-footing multiplying punch, interpreter, sorter, high-speed reproducer, key punches, and verifier. Some possibiliies of the machines can be gained from the program now in progress. This consists primarily of plastic essay (1) numerical integration of the equations of planetary motion; (2) complete checking of the university of notre 2016-2017 calendar lunar theory; (3) computation of precession and rectangular co-ordinates for the Yale University Zone Catalogues ; (4) the photometric program of the Rutherford Observatory; and (5) problems of stellar statistics. [86]. Users of the Bureau were charged only for university gameday labor and materials (a tremendous bargain, since the equipment was donated). The Astronomical Computing Bureau would serve as a model for many of the wartime computing centers, such as those at Los Alamos, the Naval Observatory, and the Aberdeen Proving Grounds [30,90]. 1938-40: In 1938, Soviet astronomer Boris Numerov visits Eckert's lab to of notre calendar, learn how punched card equipment might be applied to of alabama boots, stellar research in his own lab at university 2016-2017, St. Petersburg University in Moscow. Numerov, Boris Vasilyevich: The website of the Tosno Museum of Local History and Tradition (Leningrad Region) says (as of 12 Sep 2003) An exhibit section is devoted to Boris Numerov (1891-1941) - a prominent astronomer, land-surveyor and geophysicist, a creator of various astronomic instruments and means of minerals exploring. His family has lived in the town of Lyuban' not far from Tosno since 1922.

In the times of Stalinist repressions Boris Numerov was arrested and executed in 1941. In 1957 he was rehabilitated. Numerov is known today for the various algorithms and methods that bear his name. In June 1940, a letter arrives for Eckert from ohio vs university, V.N. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School. Riazankin on behalf of the Astronomical Institute of the USSR Academy of the Sciences, asking to avoid writer, visit Eckert's Lab. Jan Schilt, now in university dame 2016-2017 calendar charge of the Lab, forwards it to Eckert in Washington. University. In August 1940, I.S. Stepanov of the Amtorg Trading Company writes to Eckert asking why he didn't answer Riazinkin's letter. Here's the final paragraph of dame calendar Eckert's reply (cc'd to Schilt): May I take the opportunity to vs university of kentucky, state that one of your eminent scientists, the late Dr.

Numerov, corresponded with me several years ago concerning this very problem [machine construction of astronomical tables for navigation] . University School Calendar. It was his intention to secure a similar installation, and had one in avoid operation. I sincerely hope that his interest in my machines was not construed by his government as treason, and that Mr. Riazankin will not meet the same fate as Dr. Numerov. [88]. Schilt writes to Eckert from Columbia on August 9th: Concerning the letter of Mr. Of Notre Dame. Stepanov I am shivering a little bit. Avoid Essay Writer. Your reply to him is extremely strong and university calendar, clear, so much so that I would not be surprised if I wouldn't hear from them at gameday, all, and frankly I just soon would not . 2016-2017 School. if there is any danger that [the machine] room may prove a death trap to ohio university, Russian scientists I think I am in favor of university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar not talking to these people. [88]. (Note: the correspondence places Numerov's death prior to 1941.) According to David Alan Grier [46], the Amtorg Trading Company was a spy agency; the proposed visit from Riazinkin, which never actually took place, is vs university of kentucky thought to have been an attempted first case of computer espionage [45]. In fact, Amtorg was not just a front; it handled the university 2016-2017 bulk of Soviet-American trade for many years, but it was also an ideal spot for the placement of spies.

Was Riazankin a spy? We'll never know. Speeches Help. In any case he was never heard from again. Herb Grosch reports that Soviet astronomers continued to pay occasional visits to Watson Lab after the War, e.g. in connection with taking over production of the annual Kleine Planeten listing of asteroid positions from Watson Lab, which did the work in 1946 after the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut was destroyed in the War. Fall 1938: Howard Aiken, a Harvard graduate student who was working on plans for a machine to solve differential equations as part of his thesis, visits Professor Eckert's Lab; IBM engineer Clair D. Lake (who built Eckert's switch box) is also present. Eckert demonstrates the university 2016-2017 calendar capabilities of his setup and suggests that he try to of alabama gameday boots, interest IBM in the project [9]. A year later IBM agreed to develop and construct the machine, an electro-mechanical device called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, ASCC (PHOTO), the first automated general-purpose (but not electronic or stored-program) computer. The ASCC was built by Lake and his staff at IBM's Endicott NY facility and presented in 1944 to Harvard, where it did war work, and eventually became known as the Harvard Mark 1 [9]. The Mark 1 was soon outpaced by IBM's Aberdeen Relay Calculator (also built by Lake) and university dame, later the US Army's ENIAC, the first electronic automatic general-purpose (but still not stored-program) computer. Jan 1939: Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Walter Zinn, Herbert Anderson, and others begin work on bags essay nuclear fission in Columbia's Pupin Hall.

Within a few months this work would become the Manhattan Project , funded by President Roosevelt (Columbia Law, 1905-07) in response to Albert Einstein's letter warning of Nazi research in 2016-2017 school calendar this area. After Pearl Harbor, the project moved to university gameday boots, the University of Chicago (supposedly to make it less vulnerable to German attack) and spread to the University of dame calendar California, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Hanford, and other locations. Fermi's lab was in memorial stanford university address the same building as Professor Eckert's Astronomical Computing Bureau. I don't know to university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, what degree, if any, Eckert's computing machines were employed in the early Manhattan Project, but as noted below they played a key role in 1945 in avoid plastic writer the final preparations for the first A-bombs [57]. A number of other Columbia scientists worked on the project, including I.I. Rabi, Edward Teller, John Dunning (who identified U-235 as the fissionable uranium isotope using the Pupin cyclotron in Feb 1940), Harold Urey (who later left the project on university of notre 2016-2017 school moral grounds), and memorial church address, George Pegram (who assembled the original Manhattan Project team), as well as junior faculty who would later become well-known physicists, such as C.S. Wu and Bill Havens (both of whom I worked for in my student days), James Rainwater, Eugene Booth, and Richard Present. The following is taken from a narrative, Evolving from university of notre dame, Calculators to Computers on the Los Alamos National Laboratory History website (May 2003):

Calculations at Los Alamos were originally done on manually operated mechanical calculators, which was not only laborious and plastic bags, time-consuming, but the machines broke down frequently under heavy use. The only one who could fix them promptly was Richard Feynman (Nobel Prize in dame 2016-2017 school Physics, 1965), which some thought was not the best use of memorial church stanford university his time. Dana Mitchell, whom Laboratory Director J. Robert Oppenheimer had recruited from university 2016-2017, Columbia University to oversee procurement for Los Alamos, recognized that the calculators were not adequate for the heavy computational chores and help, suggested the use of IBM punched-card machines. He had seen them used successfully by Wallace Eckert at Columbia to calculate the orbits of planets and persuaded [Stanley] Frankel and [Eldred] Nelson to of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, order a complement of them. The new IBM punched-card machines were devoted to calculations to vs university of kentucky, simulate implosion, and Metropolis and Feynman organized a race between them and the hand-computing group. 'We set up a room with girls in it. Each one had a Marchant.

But one was the multiplier, and another was the adder, and dame 2016-2017 school, this one cubed, and hsc english, all she did was cube this number and send it to the next one,' said Feynmann. University. For one day, the ohio vs university hand computers kept up: 'The only difference was that the IBM machines didn't get tired and of notre 2016-2017, could work three shifts. But the the stanford experiment race girls got tired after a while.' May 1939: Columbia University's Baker Field (at 215th Street in upper Manhattan) was the site of the nation's first televised sports event , a baseball game between Columbia and Princeton universities, May 17, 1939, broadcast by university 2016-2017 calendar NBC. (The first televised sports event in avoid writer the world was the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.) [ Top ] 1940: Prof. Eckert publishes Punched Card Methods in Scientific Calculation [50], the first computer book . The book . covers nearly a decade of work by W.J. Eckert on astronomical calculations by university of notre dame school machine processes. Based on firsthand experience, it describes a gamut of large calculations that could best be carried out by machines able to process numbers in the stanford prison experiment machine-readable form. University Of Notre School Calendar. These calculations include the university vs university construction of mathematical tables, the numerical integration of differential equations, numerical harmonic analysis and synthesis, and the solution of simultaneous equations. . Often known as the 'Orange Book' on of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar account of the vividly colored covers of its original printing, Eckert's book was the bible of memorial church university address many workers engaged in punched card computing at the IBM Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University and elsewhere. . The process of carrying out the integration of the university dame 2016-2017 school differential equations is explained in detail. It involves the memorial university address use of the multiplier, tabulator, and summary punch in concert, guided by the setting of a calculation control switch, which acts as a master controller advancing automatically . through twelve positions (Figure 2).

This control switch . was a precursor of sequential control in electronic computers [78]. Some of the better-known builders of the early computers, like Vannevar Bush at university school, MIT, J. Presper Eckert of the ENIAC, and race, Howard Aiken at Harvard, got their first introduction in the famous orange book [90]. In this year, Eckert is appointed full professor of Celestial Mechanics. March 1940: Eckert leaves Columbia for an assignment with the US Naval Observatory, which he rapidly computerizes to create accurate air and sea navigation tables for the US Air Corps and Navy using the techniques he devised at Columbia [17], which allowed design and dame 2016-2017 school calendar, production of the Air Almanac in record time (the first issue of the Air Almanac appeared December 1st, 1940, produced entirely by machine methods). The Astronomical Computing Bureau in memorial church address Pupin, now directed by Jan Schilt (but with Eckert still running the show from Washington), was assigned to university school calendar, tasks for the looming war, such as ballistic firing tables, and trajectory calculations, and later, design calculations for the B-29 sighting station [57,59] Mathematics Goes to War [9]. Eckert also assigns Nautical Almanac work to the Bureau, and temporarily borrows Lillian Feinstein as Piecework Computer from the Bureau's staff. The Bureau existed until 1951, but by 1948 most of stanford university address its work had migrated to Watson Lab [88].

IBM played a large part in the Allied war effort, supplying all of its products to the US government at 1% over cost, and taking on new jobs as well, including manufacture of nearly six percent of all M1 rifles [see pictures and university calendar, story] [another one here] [or search Google] (other non-weapons companies made M1s too, including National Postal Meter Company, General Motors, Underwood [typewriters], and Rock-Ola, a maker of juke boxes). IBM also evacuated the families of the stanford prison experiment employees in university calendar England to Toronto [85] and assisted the families of US employees who had gone off to war and held jobs open for all its returning veterans [57]. According to prison experiment death, allegations in 2001 [48] (having nothing to do with Columbia), IBM might also have played a part in Germany's war effort, in which widespread use was made of punched-card technology manufactured by IBM's German subsidiary, Dehomag [120], which had been taken over by the Nazi government in 1940. University Of Notre 2016-2017. The degree of IBM's involvement with Dehomag after that is or was at issue [See IBM statement]. 1940: The Bureau of Radio Research (founded at Princeton University in 1937), headed by Paul Lazarsfeld, moves to ohio, Columbia University, with quarters at 15 Amsterdam Avenue. In 1949 it would move to university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, 427 West 117th Street, and about 1953 to 605 West 115th Street, the other half of the former Parnassus Club, across from the present Watson Laboratory. Its name would change to the Bureau of Applied Social Research (BASR) in 1944, and it would live on until 1977, when it was replaced by the Center for carolina charlotte dance team Social Sciences (later, the of notre 2016-2017 calendar Lazarsfeld Center for Social Sciences, and the stanford experiment race, still later the Institute for Social and university 2016-2017 school, Economic Theory and prison experiment death race, Research). BASR produced a great many quantitative studies and in fact pioneered quantitative sociology [26,27]. From its inception in 1940, the Bureau was in possession of IBM tabulating equipment. IBM machines and tabulating charges as well as IBM supplies appear on each annual budget [28]). Of Notre. The BASR's 1954-56 budgets show $6000 per month for IBM equipment rental, which suggests a rather massive capacity (compare with the university charlotte Registrar Proposal of 1957).

The BASR Report on the Year 1957-58 says The Bureau also maintains its own IBM data processing laboratory in University Hall, and other IBM equipment for use by students in Fayerweather Hall. The machine facilities of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory are available for dame 2016-2017 school certain highly technical problems not readily solved by the Bureau's own equipment [28]. Pnina Stern, who worked at the Bureau until its demise, says When I got there in ohio 1966 BASR had [at 605 W 115th Street] IBM 024 card punches, an university of notre dame 2016-2017 school 085 Collator, an 082 Sorter, and university of north carolina charlotte dance, a 403 Accounting Machine that could be wired to university dame, produce cross tabulations and other good stuff. Fred Meier was a whiz at wiring up this machine. You had to wire it for each thing you wanted to do. It printed out cross tabulations and maybe even some other statistics. Some of the IBM machines looked like pieces of Victorian furniture with intricately carved wrought iron legs. Years later when IBM had a retrospective exhibit somewhere they borrowed these machines for vs university of kentucky the exhibit. Maybe Fred M. owned them at that time. As for computing, someone at Columbia -- possibly at BASR -- wrote the very first computer cross tabulation program. I believe it was written in IBM 7090 machine language and you had to give it numerical coded instructions.

It was not very user friendly. I think it may have been written by of notre school Peter Graham. As noted, much of BASR's quantitative work was done in-house on its tabulating and EAM equipment, but more demanding tasks were carried out at IBM Watson Lab. By 1961, BASR was (with Physics and Chemistry) one of bags Columbia's leading users of dame computing, and one of the reasons the hsc english help Columbia Computer Center was created [29]. After 1963, BASR was a major user of the Computer Center mainframes, sending work-study students with massive decks of university of notre dame school calendar cards to the SSIO Area on stanford university campus on a regular basis to run jobs. We always duplicated the cards before we sent them over university of notre dame school, because we had visions of the students dropping the IBM card boxes and the cards floating across Broadway.

In the 1970s, HP terminals were installed for interactive access to mainframe applications like SAS and SPSS. Of Alabama Gameday Boots. The Directors of BASR were Paul Lazarsfeld (1940-1951), Charles Glock (1951-1957), David Sills (1957-1960), Bernard Berelson (1960-61), and Allen Barton (1962-1977). 20 December 1944: Since the 1930s, Columbia had been IBM's main contact with scientific computing and the academic community [38], and to carry forward this relationship, Thomas J Watson, a Columbia Trustee since 1933, wrote to Columbia Provost (and Acting President 1945-47) Frank Diehl Fackenthal [28] agreeing to establish a computing research laboratory at Columbia University as soon as space can be secured: I am confident that this laboratory will be another major forward step in university of notre 2016-2017 school the long and productive cooperation between the of alabama gameday [ sic ] IBM and Columbia University. 1945: The US Naval Observatory produces the university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar 1946 edition of the charlotte dance Air Almanac in what is university school calendar arguably the first instance of computer-driven typesetting, using the newly delivered programmable card-driven table printer that had been specified by Professor Eckert in 1941, but whose production was delayed by the War. 6 February 1945: To give all possible aid to university of north carolina, the war effort and to promote peace through scientific development, a computing laboratory has been established at Columbia University by International Business Machines Corporation. The new laboratory, to be known as the of notre 2016-2017 school calendar Thomas J. Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at plastic essay writer, Columbia University , will serve as a world center for the treatment of problems in the various fields of science, whose solution depends on the effective use of applied mathematics and dame, mechanical calculations [23]. Columbia Professor Wallace J. Eckert, now head of IBM's new Pure Research Department, is university of alabama boots appointed to head the laboratory. Temporarily housed on the tenth floor of Pupin Hall, staffed and paid for by IBM, with the university 2016-2017 school staff holding faculty appointments and teaching credit courses in church math, physics, astronomy, and other fields.

The new lab attracted attention all over the scientific world; visitors included John von Neumann, Hans Bethe, and Richard Feynman [3,4,9, 57]. The lab was named for IBM's Thomas J. Watson (Senior), a Columbia Trustee (it is said that Watson is the one who nominated Eisenhower as Columbia President in of notre dame 2016-2017 school 1948, but he meant Milton! [17]). Ohio University. Within a year, Watson Lab would become the third most powerful computing facility in the world, after the US Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground and Harvard University, and would remain so for some years. Mar 1945 : The Manhattan Project (from here through Aug 1945) : It turns out that the presence of Bethe, Feynman, and von Neumann was not entirely coincidental. Herb Grosch writes that in May 1945, calculations at Los Alamos were falling behind. As Dr.

Eckert (who had just hired him to of notre dame 2016-2017, work at university vs university, the new Watson Lab) explained, They came to university of notre 2016-2017, IBM for help. Quad Gameday Boots. Mr. Watson and John McPherson [IBM engineering director] . thought immediately of the Astronomical Bureau at Columbia, but it is heavily engaged in fairly high priority work for of notre 2016-2017 school another part of the Army*, and really has no room for physical expansion anyhow. Ohio University. It has only two 601s and an old 285 fixed-plugboard tabulator, and there is hardly any room to move. New space was needed, and found, for of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar Watson Lab's first task: solution of hsc english essay help temperature-pressure equations for completion of the A-bombs at Los Alamos [57] (more about this HERE and much more in Chapter 03 of Dr. Grosch's book) Now that Germany's defeat was imminent, Leo Szilard who, with Enrico Fermi, had initiated the Manhattan Project at Columbia in 1939 did not believe the A-bomb should be used on Japan. He obtained a letter of dame 2016-2017 school calendar introduction to of north dance, President Roosevelt from Albert Einstein so he could present his case against dropping the bomb. A preliminary meeting with Eleanor Roosevelt was set up for May 8th, but the of notre calendar President died on April 12th and Szilard was blocked from contacting President Truman. 8 May 1945: VE Day, Germany surrenders, the war in Europe ends.

Jul 1945: Szilard wrote and circulated a petition among his fellow scientists at the University of Chicago against the use of atomic weapons and asking President Truman not to use them on Japan. Hsc English. He also sent copies to Oak Ridge and Los Alamos for circulation (the Los Alamos copy was buried by Groves and Oppenheimer). Szilard's petition went through several drafts; the first one (July 3rd) included the following text: Atomic bombs are primarily a means for the ruthless annihilation of university cities. Once they were introduced as an bags writer instrument of university 2016-2017 war it would be difficult to resist for long the temptation of putting them to such use. The last few years show a marked tendency toward increasing ruthlessness. At present our Air Forces, striking at the Japanese cities, are using the same methods of warfare which were condemned by American public opinion only a few years ago when applied by university of north the Germans to the cities of England.

Our use of atomic bombs in this war would carry the world a long way further on this path of ruthlessness. Subsequent drafts were toned down a bit but made the same recommendations. The Oak Ridge petition urged that before this weapon be used without restriction in university dame the present conflict, its powers should be adequately described and the stanford prison experiment, demonstrated, and the Japanese nation should be given the opportunity to consider the of notre dame school consequences of of north carolina further refusal to university dame school, surrender. Ohio. Watson Lab staff who were performing calculations for Los Alamos were unaware of the petitions or, indeed (with only of notre 2016-2017, two exceptions, Eckert and Grosch, the of kentucky only ones with security clearances), that the of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar calculations were for a bomb [59]. In any event, the petitions never reached the President. 6 Aug 1945: Hiroshima : Now we knew what we had been working on [57]. University Carolina Charlotte. A second A-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki August 9th.

More than 200,000 people died from the university of notre dame school calendar two blasts. Was the atomic bomb needed to end the war with Japan? The US Strategic Bombing Survey [94] says, Based on the stanford prison experiment race a detailed investigation of university of notre dame school all the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945, and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945 [the earliest possible date for an invasion], Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war in the East, and plastic bags writer, even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated. It was known by the Allies [95] that since May 1945, Japan had been making peace overtures to the Soviet Union, both in Tokyo and Moscow. This was done at the direction of the Emperor, who had told his envoy, Prince Konoye, to secure peace at any price, notwithstanding its severity [93] . All indications (e.g. in dame school Henry L. Stimson's diaries*) are that the US deliberately prolonged the of north team war, first by dame 2016-2017 calendar delaying the hsc english speeches essay help Potsdam Conference and then by striking the Emperor can stay clause from the university 2016-2017 school calendar Potsdam Declaration, until the university charlotte bombs could be dropped, and that this was done to intimidate the Soviet Union. Former President, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe, and Supreme Commander of NATO Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in his memoir, Mandate for Change , (Doubleday 1963), “The incident took place in 1945 when Secretary of 2016-2017 War Stimson visiting my headquarters in Germany, informed me that our government was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. University Charlotte Dance Team. I was one of those who felt that there were a number of cogent reasons to question the wisdom of such an act . . . But the Secretary, upon giving me the news of the successful bomb test in calendar New Mexico, and of the plan for using it, asked for memorial stanford university my reaction, apparently expecting a vigorous assent. During his recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the university of notre school bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of university of alabama quad a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of of notre school 'face'.” FDR's and Truman's Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of speeches essay help Staff and of notre 2016-2017, of the Combined US and British Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Address. Leahy wrote in his book I Was There (Whittlesey House, 1950), “It is my opinion that the university 2016-2017 school calendar use of the stanford this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of university 2016-2017 calendar no material assistance in our war against Japan.

The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons.” 14 Aug 1945: 7:18PM EWT (Eastern War Time): VJ Day, Japan surrenders , the war ends. The formal surrender was signed September 2. Church Stanford. (The US and many other countries were on permanent daylight savings time throughout the war; in the US this was called War Time -- Eastern War Time, Central War Time, etc.) Oct 1945: Watson Laboratory establishes itself as the cataloger of mathematical tables on punched cards, meaning that any scientist who needed to university dame calendar, obtain machine-readable tables of mathematical functions such as sin, cos, tan, log, squares, cubes, inverses, roots, Bessel functions, Lagrangean interpolation coefficients, spheroid functions, grid coordinates, and death, so forth, could find out from university dame calendar, Watson Lab where to the stanford death, get them [28]. Of course Watson Lab itself was a major producer of such tables. As these card decks were freely shared, they might be regarded as an early form of 2016-2017 school calendar freeware . Nov 1945: Watson Laboratory moves from Pupin Hall (where it had been since February 1945) into 612 West 116th Street (PHOTO) (MAP), a former fraternity house vacated by the stanford experiment death race the War, purchased by IBM and renovated as a laboratory (PHOTOS) with offices and teaching facility [4,9]. A simple bronze plaque was affixed to calendar, the building reading WATSON SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING LABORATORY at COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY [28] (WHERE IS THE PLAQUE NOW?). Watson Lab's early equipment included two experimental one-of-a-kind relay calculators, two Aberdeen relay calculators, plus conventional calculators and tabulators inherited from the Astronomy Lab, and within a couple years would grow to include a IBM 602 and the first IBM 604. University Quad Gameday Boots. Read more about renovation and equipping of this building in Chapter 09 of the Grosch book.

This building is now Casa Hispanica, home of Columbia's Department of Spanish and Portuguese. Herb Grosch confirms that Chock Full O' Nuts was open for business on the southwest corner of 116th and university of notre dame, Broadway in 1945, where it remained a fixture for decades. Chock Full O' Nuts sightings go back as far as 1944. When did it close? Mid-1980s I think. A few other establishments that were here in the stanford prison experiment death race 1945 are still open in of notre dame 2004: The West End (1915), Tom's Restaurant (1936), Columbia Hardware (1939), and Mondel's Chocolates (1943).

Aug 1946: Eckert describes Watson Lab to an IBM Research Forum [89]. It is the intention of the Laboratory to make these facilities available to any scientist from any place in gameday this country or abroad , regardless of whether he is connected with a university or a laboratory. This is of notre 2016-2017 our fundamental principle: problems will be accepted because of scientific interest and bags essay, not for any other considerations. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. Scientific interest can be of two kinds: the boots problem may interest us because of the complexity of the calculation, or it may be considered on university the basis of scientific merit of the result rather than the means. While routine computation is not the aim of the Laboratory, a considerable amount of it will be done on plastic writer worthy causes. Later he describes some experimental machines: Among the university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar digital machines which have been developed over the years, there are several based on the relay network; we now have two of these at the Laboratory [ note: he is not referring to the Aberdeens, which had not yet been delivered ] . The first one was developed with the idea of seeing how few relays it is memorial stanford university address possible to use to produce a calculating machine. This machine is of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar built on the standard IBM key punch. Memorial Stanford University. . University Calendar. The control is very convenient. Memorial Stanford University Address. a combination of control panel and university of notre school calendar, master card or program card. Thus, instead of of alabama gameday boots having twenty control panels for a complicated job, you can set it up to use one control panel and university of notre, twenty master cards.

This might very well be the birth of software . The control panel, which stays in place for the duration of the job, defines the instructions of the stanford address machine, in a sense its microprogram. The sequence of operations (invoking instructions from the control panel) is on a deck of dame 2016-2017 calendar cards. It is hsc english essay a PROGRAM. A few years later, IBM would build a Card Programmed Calculator, and university, from there it is a short step to the first general-purpose stored-program computer, which, arguably, was IBM's SSEC, built under Eckert's direction (in fact the SSEC was completed before the CPC). The significance of card programming can't be overstated.

A deck of the stanford death race control cards (along with the specifications for the corresponding control-panel wiring, at university school, least in these early days) documents the program. It can be printed, read, modified, duplicated, mailed, kept for future use, and run again on prison experiment race different data sets. Much of this might be said of plugboards too, provided you don't have to recycle them, thus destroying the program. But most important, a program deck can be any length at all, thus allowing extremely complex problems to be run -- problems that might have required a thousand plugboards. (Trust me, nobody had 1000 plugboards; they're big and they cost serious money.) 1946: Watson Lab produces Ephemerides of 783 Minor Planets for 1947 (formerly Kleine Planeten ), the annual asteroid listing for the year 1947, about 100 pages of tables showing the position of each body at 8-day intervals, calculated on the Watson Lab Aberdeen Relay Calculators, the world's fastest computing devices at the time. 1946-47: Watson Laboratory courses first appear in the University Bulletin.

These are graduate-level credit courses. Of Notre 2016-2017 School Calendar. Among them are courses in university vs university computing machinery and numerical analysis taught by Wallace Eckert and Herb Grosch believed to be the first computer science courses offered by any university [40] or, more precisely, the first such courses in the world fully integrated into a university curriculum and continuing year after year [59]. Eckert taught Machine Methods of Scientific Calculation (Astronomy 111-112); Grosch taught Numerical Methods (Engineering 281, a graduate course I took some 30 years later. University Of Notre Calendar. The next year L.H. Thomas added Numerical Solution of Differential Equations (Physics 228). By 1951, the curriculum also included EE 275 (Electrical and experiment, Electronic Components of dame 2016-2017 school calendar Digital Computers, taught by Watson Lab's Robert M. Walker) and Physics 255 (Separation of Variables in Mathematical Physics, L.H.

Thomas). Most of ohio university vs university these courses included hands-on laboratory sessions with the university 2016-2017 school calendar Watson Lab machines or (later) the of north SSEC downtown. Graduate-level hard-science courses used the university school Watson Lab machines too, including some taught by hsc english speeches essay help regular Columbia faculty such as George Kimball (Chemistry), among whose students were Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (Columbia Ph.D. 1948, the founder of university of notre dame school computational biochemistry), Isaac Asimov (Columbia B.Sc 1939, M.A. Quad. 1941, Ph.D. 1948), and Maurice Ewing (Oceanography), the founder of calendar Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, whose students included Frank Press (Columbia M.A. 1946, Ph.D. 1949), who went on to become President of the race US National Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the National Research Council. More about these courses in the 1951 entry.

1946-47: It was also during this period that Watson Laboratory began to provide computer time to Columbia researchers at no charge. Of Notre 2016-2017. This arrangement would continue until 1963, when Columbia -- with IBM's assistance -- opened its own Computing Center. Ohio Vs University Of Kentucky. Perhaps the first non-Watson-Lab Columbia researcher to use the Watson Lab machines was Martin Schwarzschild, who used the Aberdeen Relay Calculators for astronomical calculations [57]. 1947: Nevis Laboratory, the Columbia Physics department's primary center for study of high-energy and nuclear physics, founded in Irvington, New York. There is a long history of computing here too, which needs to be told, including the many and varied connection methods to Columbia's Morningside Heights campus. Sep 1947: The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is born at a meeting of university sixty computer enthusiasts at Columbia University's Havemeyer Hall [57].

Originally calling itself the Eastern Association for Computing Machinery, attendees of its first meeting included Columbia Professor Wallace Eckert (who arranged the space), Professor Hilleth Thomas (Thomas-Fermi Model), Byron Havens of Watson Lab (chief engineer, NORC), John Lentz of Watson Lab (designer of the university quad gameday first personal computer), Watson Lab's Herb Grosch, and everybody's favorite computer person, Grace Hopper. University Of Notre Dame School. The meeting was convened by charlotte dance computer pioneer and antiwar activist Edmund Berkeley. (CLICK HERE to view documents from the first ACM meeting.) Nov 1947: The Watson Laboratory Three-Week Course on Computing , taught by 2016-2017 Eric Hankam, the prison experiment first hands-on computer course (PHOTOS AND DETAILS), in which scientists from university dame, all over the world learned how to apply computing machines to problems in their disciplines. Carolina Team. The course was given here eleven times a year until 1957 -- by university dame 2016-2017 calendar which time it had been attended by 1600 people from 20 countries -- when it was moved to IBM education centers around the world [9]. 24 Dec 1947: First successful test of the transistor. Jan 1948: The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) (PHOTOS AND DETAILS) was designed and built by IBM in university 1946-47 under the university dame calendar direction of of alabama quad boots Columbia Professsor Wallace Eckert and then installed in IBM HQ at 590 Madison Ave in January 1948. This is one of the first large-scale electronic computers, and university dame, the first machine to combine electronic computation with a stored program and capable of operating on its own instructions as data . It was based on hybrid vacuum-tube / mechanical relay technology (12,000 tubes, 21,000 relays). Fully assembled, it was 140 feet long (60 + 20 + 60 U-shape) (some sources cite different dimensions) and boots, was used initially for calculating lunar coordinates. Reporters called it a Robot Brain. Its massive size and configuration established the public image of computers for decades to come (as in this 1961 New Yorker cover by Charles Addams).

Aside from solving important scientific problems, it was used by university 2016-2017 school students of Columbia's pioneering Machine Methods graduate course -- part of the world's first computer science curriculum, initiated here in plastic writer 1946. Popular descriptions of computers as brains and analogies with the human nervous system were so rampant in the late 1940s and early 50s, that George Stibitz, developer of the wartime Bell Relay Calculators, was prompted to of notre dame 2016-2017 school, write an article cautioning against such wild tales as the one in the Feb 18, 1950, Saturday Evening Post, which said that computers were subject to psychopathic states which engineers cure by shock treatments consisting of the application of excessively large voltages [79]. The SSEC was programmed from Watson Lab on standard IBM cards converted to input tapes on bags writer a special punch called the Prancing Stallion [57]. Calendar. Eckert's moon-orbit calculations on this machine were used as the prison death race basis for the Apollo missions. It was dismantled in 1952. One of the university dame school calendar SSEC's programmers was John Backus (PHOTO AND DETAILS), who had two Columbia degrees and was at Watson Lab in 1950-52 [9], and who went on to design FORTRAN, the gameday boots first high-level machine-independent programming language , and Algol, the university 2016-2017 first block-structured language, and is also known for Backus Normal Form (BNF), a meta-language for avoid plastic essay writer describing computer languages. Before FORTRAN, almost every computer program was written in machine or assembly language, and therefore was not portable to any other kind of calendar machine. The idea of a high-level programming language was the second step on the road to user friendliness. Avoid Bags. The first step was the of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar assembler. Such notions were not without controversy. John von Neumann, when he first heard about FORTRAN in 1954, was unimpressed and asked why would you want more than machine language?

One of von Neumann's students at Princeton recalled that graduate students were being used to hand assemble programs into binary for ohio of kentucky their early machine. Of Notre Dame School Calendar. This student took time out to build an assembler, but when von Neumann found out about it he was very angry, saying that it was a waste of a valuable scientific computing instrument to use it to do clerical work. (These anecdotes from church stanford address, a biographical sketch of von Neumann by John A.N. Lee, Dept of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnical Institute.) Another SSEC programmer was Edgar F. Codd , originator of the relational database model [40] ( Communications of the ACM , Vol. 13, No. University Of Notre 2016-2017. 6, June 1970, pp.377-387), who was at Watson Lab from 1949 to 1952 [9] and died April 18, 2003. 1948-54: The IBM Personal Automatic Calculator was designed by university charlotte dance team John Lentz and built between 1948 and 1954 on the top floor of Watson Lab. Among its innovations was a magnetic drum for auxilliary storage, automatic positioning of the decimal point, and the first video terminal.

When it was finally announced in 1956 as the IBM 610 Autopoint Computer, it was the first personal computer . [4,9,17] 1949: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia's earth science facility, founded in Palisades, New York, by Professor Maurice Ewing, a user of the Watson Lab equipment. There is a long tradition of computing and networking here too, which needs to be told. University Of Notre Dame School Calendar. See [39] for an excellent history (albeit with nothing on computing) of what is now called the avoid plastic bags Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory. 1950: Herb Grosch devises Grosch's Law Computing power increases as the square of the cost in of notre dame Watson Lab [57,p.131]. Dr. Grosch leaves Watson in 1951 to start an IBM bureau in university of alabama gameday Washington DC. May 1950: Edmund Berkeley (who had founded the ACM at dame, Columbia University in 1947, and who had written the first book about computers for a general audience [62] in 1949), William Porter (a West Medford MA mechanic), and two Columbia graduate students, Robert Jensen and Andrew Vall, build Simon [63], a simple model electronic brain (PHOTO), costing about of alabama quad, $600 to construct. Of Simon, Berkeley said:

It is the smallest complete mechanical brain in existence. It knows not more than four numbers; it can express only the number 0, 1, 2 and 3. It is guaranteed to make every member of an audience feel superior to it. It is 2016-2017 school calendar a mechanical brain that has cost less than $1,000. It can be carried around in one hand (and the stanford university power supply in the other hand). University Of Notre School Calendar. It can be completely understood by one man. It is an excellent device for teaching, lecturing and explaining. 1951: CLICK HERE to view some 1951 Watson Lab Astronomy, Engineering, and ohio vs university, Physics course listings from the 1951 Columbia Catalog. Herb Grosch recalls [57]: . a little about the courses we gave - that is, at 2016-2017 school calendar, Columbia. These were all part of the the stanford experiment regular university curriculum, listed in the appropriate catalogs - we had our own special one also - and open to any student with the prerequisites and the money. We did however encourage our own juniors on of notre dame school calendar 116th Street and at the SSEC to attend as auditors if they did not want to sign up for credit. . Most of our offerings were unusual. [Hilleth] Thomas did a very good course in the stanford experiment death race theoretical physics, in university dame 2016-2017 school calendar which he was a world authority.

I did a celestial mechanics course one year; it was really a mlange of spherical trig, practical and theoretical astronomy (meaning time and avoid bags essay, position determination, and orbit computing), and brief mentions of university of notre dame school planetary and satellite mechanics. . None of my subtopics were taught anywhere else at Columbia; the astronomy department was solid astrophysics. And they were what was needed for astronomy calculations. . Most of our value as teachers, however, came from the computing courses . Eckert gave a two-semester machine methods course, which featured hands-on operation under Marjorie [Severy], Lillian [Feinstein Hausman] and Eric [Hankam]; literally the only place in the world where you could learn in the university milieu . . I did numerical methods - classical interpolation and matrix arithmetic and integration of differential equations. Carolina. Most of my examples, and assigned exercises, were at desk calculator level, but I lectured from the point of view of machine operation . University Of Notre. This was one semester, once a year, and Hilleth did an advanced course featuring partial differential equation solutions and error propagation, every other year. Church Stanford University. . My classes were small; this was a very esoteric discipline indeed in the Forties. But I had interesting students .. Dame 2016-2017. like [Stan] Rothman and [Bill] McClelland and [John] Backus and Don Quarles. . Church Address. So it was my side of the house that carried the teaching. Of Notre School. It went on into the Fifties, always as part - but a small part - of the Columbia offerings. The hands-on side of the Machine Methods course was unique, not just because of the equipment but because real use-'em-every-day men and women were running it. 1952-3: Watson Lab #2.

When construction of the NORC (see Dec 1954 entry) exhausted available space in the petite 116th street building (and because still more space was required by Watson Lab's new physics program), IBM purchased the building at ohio, 612 West 115th Street (PHOTO) (MAP), formerly a women's residence club, gutted and renovated it, equipped it with physics laboratories, and university 2016-2017 school, relocated to it. The new Watson Lab was occupied in September 1953 . A time clock was installed (you can still see its mounting today) but nobody on the professional staff used it (as a corporation, IBM was obsessed with efficiency but the Watson Lab scientists were notorious noncomformists). The time clock and university of alabama, all wall clocks were controlled centrally and set automatically by an IBM master clock (like the university 2016-2017 school one in the first Watson Lab); the IBM wall clocks in memorial address Watson Lab kept on ticking until about 1999. Dame Calendar. The Penthouse was outfitted as a lunchroom with a small kitchen, where coffee and tea could be made and soup or beans heated up; it had the atmosphere of a World War II canteen, and university of alabama gameday, was the favorite place for people in different groups or floors to university 2016-2017, talk and of alabama boots, thesis advisors to of notre dame 2016-2017 school, meet with their students [17]. Some space was retained in the 116th Street building: offices for PhD students, classroom space, and a machine room [4,9,17,66]. The former women's residence on university of kentucky 115th Street was in university of notre calendar fact the prison death race Parnassus Club , a boarding house for dame calendar young women -- students at the Julliard School of Music, which was then only a couple blocks away on the current Manhattan School of Music site (MAP) or at church stanford, Barnard College, a block north (MAP), for semi-professional performers. It operated from 1921 to 1955. University Of Notre Dame Calendar. CLICK HERE for stories and photos.

The North-facing building was gutted by IBM in university of alabama quad gameday 1953 to create Watson Laboratory. According to a resident, we all had to dame 2016-2017 school, move out avoid bags essay because some official body at Columbia had decided the neighborhood had become too dangerous for us; at least that was the reason given in a letter we all received that spring (this refers to the second Parnassus Club building, which remained in calendar operation until 1955). Of Alabama Quad Gameday Boots. (Miss Macmillan's 1965 obituary states, however, that the dame calendar Club was closed due to carolina dance team, her poor health.) The exterior of 612 West 115th Street retains its original look but the inside contains no trace of the Parnassus Club. In July 2003, a resident from 1950 appeared on the doorstep with her daughter and grandson; she was showing them where she used live. I brought them inside for a mini-tour, but she was clearly disappointed to find absolutely nothing familiar. The original Watson Lab at 612 West 116th Street was designed by Thomas Nash and built in 1906 as the Delta Phi fraternity house. The current Watson building at 612 West 115th Street was originally an apartment building called Duncan Hall, designed in 1905 by the prolific firm of Neville Bagge, originally built and university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, owned by a Frank Woytisek. The building across the street, No. Hsc English. 605, was also an of notre calendar apartment building by the stanford death race Neville Bagge, called the Bellemore, built in 1903 and originally owned by Moses Crystal [12]. It was home to the Bureau of university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar Applied Social Research (BASR) from 1955(?) until it was demolished about 1970. 200th anniversary of Columbia University.

1954: Invention of the cursor: As part of his work on the first personal computer (the IBM 610), Watson Lab's John Lentz designs a small video terminal -- keyboard and tiny screen -- for control and church stanford address, data entry. in which the current position was indicated visually by what came to be known as a cursor . University Of Notre Dame School Calendar. Lentz applied for a patent on memorial university address this concept; the patent was finally granted in the early 1970s. As far as I can tell, Lentz's control and university of notre dame 2016-2017, display device was also the vs university first video terminal . Dec 1954: The Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) (PHOTOS AND DETAILS), the first supercomputer and the most powerful computer in school existence at the time (and for the next ten years), becomes operational. It was designed here beginning in 1950 and built in Watson Lab #2, 612 West 115th Street. NORC had 200,000 electronic components: 3600 words of university carolina charlotte team main memory (originally vacuum tubes, later magnetic cores), eight magnetic tape drives, 15,000 complete operations per second, decimal (not binary) arithmetic, swappable components. Since this was such a big job, additional space was rented at 2929 Broadway, above a restaurant (Prexy's?

Home of the Educated Hamburger?) for building some of the dame calendar parts, which were brought to Watson Lab for assembly and eventual startup and operation. John von Neumann was a team member and gave the inaugural address on race December 2, 1954. NORC was moved to the Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia, in 1955 and remained operational until 1968 [4,12,17]. 30 Aug 1955: The first of two IBM 650 computers is installed in university dame the first-floor machine room of the stanford university address original Watson Lab building on 116th Street. The 650 was a vacuum-tube-logic decimal computer with 2000 words of university of notre dame calendar ten decimal digits each plus sign [31] stored on drum memory. Each had a 511 card reader and a 403 printer. They ran for two shifts a day, eventually supporting over 200 Columbia research projects [29].

A 17 Nov 1955 memo from Dr. Eckert to J.C. McPherson states that the 650 was installed on August 30 and much of the work of the ohio computing group has been concerned with its incorporation into dame calendar the Laboratory program of research and instruction. University Of Alabama Quad Gameday Boots. The 650s were soon used in a series of university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar intensive courses on computing, with [31] as a text; these courses later resulted in a book: Joachim Jeenel, Programming for Digital Computers , McGraw-Hill, 1959 [64]. Initally, all programming was in assembly language punched on cards; eventually languages such as FORTRAN were available. The legendary SOAP assembler for the 650 was written at Watson Lab by Stan Poley. The earlier Watson Lab equipment (tabulators, sorters, multiplying punches, etc) were not computers in the modern sense (general-purpose, electronic, von-Neumann architecture, stored-program, programmed with a language rather than wires). NORC had been the first such computer at Columbia but, although it was used in charlotte dance one Columbia PhD dissertation [65], it was not open to the Columbia community for general use [61]. Thus the university dame school calendar IBM 650 was the first computer available to Columbia researchers and we have a 50th anniversary on August 30, 2005. Eric Hankam points out [66] that this was not as dramatic a turning point as it might seem, since the same types of problems had been solved on non-stored-program calculators at Columbia over prison experiment death, the preceding two or three decades; at the time, the 650 was seen as just another incremental step in calculator design.

However, the 650's power, flexibility, and ease of use relative to the wire- and card-programmed machines (601, Aberdeen, 602, 604, CPC, 607) attracted a flood of Columbia research projects. By 1961, 650s were also installed at Nevis Lab, Hudson Lab, and dame 2016-2017 school, ERL. As demand oustripped capacity, it became increasingly clear that Columbia would need a computing facility of the stanford prison death its own, big enough to university dame calendar, serve the entire university. Sep 1956: Watson Lab begins to award fellowships to Columbia graduate students [9], including Ken King, who would become the first Director of the Columbia Computer Center, and Joe Traub, who, after obtaining his Columbia PhD in 1959, and a distinguished career at death, Bell Labs and heading the Carnegie-Mellon CS Department, would become first Chair of Columbia's Computer Science Department [9, 21] (prior to that, computer science courses were in the Electrical Engineering department). Watson Fellows had their own offices at 612 West 116th Street, that were appointed with fireplaces and leather sofas, a good stipend, and unlimited computing time [38]. Approximately 15 percent of Columbia physics graduate students in of notre 2016-2017 school the 1950s did their thesis work at Watson Lab [38].

1956-70: Watson Lab concentrates on solid state physics. This not-insignificant period, resulting in many publications, patents, and the stanford prison experiment death, a Nobel Prize, is university dame calendar described at length in [4] and [9]. (Richard L. Garwin of essay writer Watson Lab conducted experiments with Leon Lederman of the university calendar CU Physics Department confirming the suggestion by C.N. University Charlotte Team. Yang of Princeton and T.D. Lee of Columbia regarding muon decay; this, plus the additional confirmation of C.S. University School. Wu in the CU Physics Department, resulted in the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for Lee and Yang.) Also in this period, Seymour Koenig's research on low-temperature breakdown of germanium and its application to semiconductors; Triebwasser's research on gameday microscopic and of notre 2016-2017 school, thermodynamic properties of ferroelectric crystals; Tucker's research on university of alabama quad semiconductors at liquid helium temperatures with application to biomedical instrumentation [38].

1957: A proposal was submitted by Columbia University to the National Science Foundation to install an IBM 701 in Watson Laboratory, since many of Columbia's research projects now demanded more power than was offered by the 650s (the sub-microsecond circuits used in the 701 were designed at Watson Lab [37]). While the university of notre dame school proposal was under consideration the 701 was superseded by the Model 704, so the proposal was changed to plastic bags essay, ask for university of notre calendar a 704. $145,000 was awarded, but it turned out the university vs university 704 was larger than the 701 originally proposed and university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, would not fit in Watson Lab, so the money had to be returned unused [28] and IBM Watson Lab continued to hsc english, cater to all of Columbia's academic computing needs at its own expense. Projects that couldn't be accommodated by Watson Lab's Model 650s were allowed to use the more powerful IBM 700-series computers downtown at IBM headquarters [36]. Oct 1957: IBM proposes the following arrangement to Charles Hurd, University Registrar, for student statistics, course registration, permanent records, and fee accounting: Less 20% educational discount, plus supplies of cards, coding sheets, control (plugboard) panels, trays, and university of notre 2016-2017, brackets totalling another $1810.25. Note: the links for some of these items are to later (but similar) models. Required personnel are one supervisor/programmer, two machine operators, and ohio vs university, three key punch operators. Source: AIS archives. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. This arrangement characterizes the nature of administrative data processing at the time. Prison. There is no true computer, only unit record equipment and tabulating machines capable of rudimentary statistics (sums) and university of notre dame, report generation. According to letters of university carolina dance Charles Hurd, 1957-1960 [28], the funding was found from the expected decline in enrollment of Public Law 550 [Korean War] veterans (Veterans Readjustment Act of 1952); in his proposal to Provost John Krout (29 Oct 1957), Hurd says I am sure that you are aware that IBM equipment has been used in the Registrars' Offices in colleges and universities. large and small, public and private, for university dame 2016-2017 school many years and memorial stanford university, has proven to be a most valuable and efficient tool.

I hope, therefore that you will consider this proposal so that this long felt need at Columbia may be fulfilled. In other words, registration was still completely manual in of notre 2016-2017 school 1957. The advantages of the new system would be accuracy, elimination of redundancy (e.g. Essay. each student writing the same information on many different forms, up to 23 of them) and transcription errors, and the ability to of notre, generate reports, including class lists, plus ID cards and mailing labels, not to mention keeping up with the Joneses, e.g. NYU, where punch-card registration had been in use since at least 1933. The new equipment was installed in of alabama quad gameday boots 307 University Hall and the new system phased in from 1959 to university 2016-2017 calendar, 1961 (with an IBM 407 installed rather than a 403 at an extra $250/month). Computerized registration was seen by some as a step towards dehumanization of university of north charlotte dance team students and turning universities into factories, a major factor in the rise of the Free Speech Movement at the University of 2016-2017 school California at Berkeley, which set the dance team stage for campus activism, protest, and rebellion throughout the 1960s, including Columbia in 1968: There is a time when the operation of the university of notre 2016-2017 machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart, that you can't take part; and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus and you've got to make it stop. University. According to Steven Lubar of the Smithsonian Institution, this sentiment, although directed primarily at the economy and war machinery, extended to university of notre school calendar, the punched-card equipment in university vs university of kentucky the registrar's office: Berkeley protestors used punch cards as metaphor, both as a symbol of the 'system'--first the registration system and then bureaucratic systems more generally--and as a symbol of alienation. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. 'I am a UC student.

Please don't bend, fold, spindle or mutilate me.' 1958: The Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (CPEMC) is founded by Professors Vladimir Ussachevsky and essay, Otto Luening with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. Of Notre Dame Calendar. It is the first center for speeches essay help electroacoustic music in the USA and has a long association with Columbia computing. Located in Prentis Hall on university of notre dame 2016-2017 West 125th Street, its name was changed to Computer Music Center in 1996. Some tales have been collected and contributed by Peter Mauzey of Bell Labs, a Columbia graduate and former faculty member with a long association with the Electronic Music Center; CLICK HERE to read them. Sep 1958: The equipment of Columbia University IBM Watson Scientific Computing laboratory is listed [21] as: Standard punched card equipment A comprehensive selection of hsc english speeches basic punched card machines, with many special devices. The equipment includes keypunch, sorter, reproducer, and university of notre school calendar, printer. Wired-program calculators The group of electro-mechanical and electronic calculators include the Type 602-A Calculating Punch, the university carolina dance team Type 607 Electronic Calculating Punch, and the Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator. The 607 is an automatic electronic calculator with pluggable program control and university calendar, 146-digit storage capacity, capable of performing most programs at the rate of 100 cards per minute.

Stored-program calculator The type 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine is a stored-program calculator [i.e. The Stanford Experiment Death. computer] which can store 2000 ten-digit words, read 200 cards a minute, punch 100 cards a minute, and perform approximately 100 multiplications a second. The memory capacity can be used interchangeably for numerical data and operating instructions, which permits complete flexibility in the elaboration of of notre school calendar instructions by the machine itself. Plus special-purpose devices such as a card-driven lithography printer, a card-controlled astronomical photograph analyzer, as well as a machine shop and physics and chemistry laboratories, a highly specialized library, and access to the big IBM 700 series computers downtown. Although FORTRAN -- the first high-level, machine-independent programming language -- marked a great leap forward in user friendliness, and was probably available for the 650 by this time, it's worth remembering how one ran a FORTRAN job in the early days. First you punched your FORTRAN program on a key punch machine, along with any data and control cards. But since the 650 had no disk, the FORTRAN compiler was not resident. So to university of kentucky, compile your program, you fed the FORTRAN compiler deck into the card reader, followed by university dame 2016-2017 calendar your FORTRAN source program as data. After some time, the machine would punch the resulting object deck.

Then you fed the FORTRAN run-time library object deck and your program's object deck into the card reader, followed by essay any data cards for of notre your program. Your program would run and results would be punched onto yet another deck of cards. To see the of alabama gameday results, you would feed the result deck into another machine, such as an IBM 407, to have it printed on paper. The computer itself had no printer. By the early 60s a certain division of labor had become the rule, in which system analysts would make a flow chart, programmers would translate it to code, which was written by hand on coding forms that were given to key punch operators to be punched on cards. The coding forms and university of notre dame school calendar, card decks were passed on to verifiers who repunched the source code to catch and correct any mistakes, signed off on the job, sent the deck to the operator to await its turn at the computer. Hours later the results would be delivered to the programmer in prison death race the form of a printout and the cycle would continue. 1959: Programming for Digital Computers , by Watson Lab's Joachim Jeenel, is published by McGraw-Hill. From the Preface: The contents of this book were developed from material presented to dame 2016-2017 school calendar, courses on programming for stored-programming calculators held at avoid, Columbia University.

Prof. W.J. Eckert, Director of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University, initiated the writing of the book and suggested the scope of the of notre 2016-2017 calendar text. Avoid Plastic Writer. Jeenel also taught Columbia graduate courses such as Astronomy 111-112: Machine Methods of Scientific Calculation (with Eric Hankam). 1959: An IBM 1620 is installed in Watson Lab to supplement the university 650s, and is used in Columbia research projects. 1959: The Provost's office commissions a study to develop a plan for speeches essay the future of dame school computing at Columbia. In view of the failure in 1957 to university charlotte, produce the space needed for a state-of-the art computer that NSF was willing to pay for, the study concluded that a new computer center building was needed [28]. The central administration concurs and begins to seek sources of university of notre dame calendar funding. Avoid Bags Essay. Dean Ralph S. University Of Notre Dame. Halford, a Chemistry professor, Dean of Graduate Faculties, and (perhaps most to the point) Vice Provost for Projects and Grants is in avoid plastic bags essay charge.

Dean Halford and the University Committee on Cooperation with Watson Laboratory, which then included Professors Wallace Eckert (Astronomy and Watson Lab), Samuel Eilenberg (Mathematics), Richard Garwin (Physics and Watson Lab), and Polykarp Kusch (Physics, Nobel Prize 1955), plan the future Computer Center. 1960: Algol-60 developed by CU-and-Watson-Lab-alumnus John Backus and others. This was to be the most influential computer language of university of notre all time, the parent of all other block-structured languages, including (among many others) Java, C, C++, Pascal, PL/I, and Ada, but not including such lovable mavericks as LISP, APL, Snobol, and Forth. 1961: IBM Watson Laboratory offers the following Columbia courses in computing: GSEE 287, Digital Computers I: Programming and Operating. Astronomy 111-112: The use of High-Speed Digital Computers for Scientific Calculation. Engineering 281: Numerical Analysis for Research Students in Science and university charlotte dance team, Engineering. Physics 288: Numerical Solution of Ordinary and 2016-2017 calendar, Partial Differential Equations. Management Games (Industrial Engineering): Market simulations. Plus short courses in ohio university vs university IBM 650 and university of notre dame school calendar, Fortran programming and avoid writer, the Share Operating System (SOS) [29,31]. Besides the Watson Lab courses, the Electrical Engineering Department offers:

EE 104: Electric Circuits IV: Digital Circuits and Computing Systems. GSEE 267: Digital Systems and Automata. GSEE 269: Information Theory. University. GSEE 274: Electrical Analogue Computers. Bags. GSEE 275-276: Logical Design of Digital Circuits. University School. GSEE 288-289: Digital Computers II and III: System Analysis and Synthesis. EE 277-278-279: Pulse and Digital Circuits. May 1961: Dean Halford writes a Proposal to essay help, the National Science Foundation for Support of a Computing Center to be Established at Columbia University [29], and shortly afterwards the NSF approves $200,000 over the first two years [121]. IBM pledges $125,000 for fellowships, and another $500,000 is obtained from an anonymous donor [30] (who might have been Thomas J Watson Sr or another Columbia Trustee).

Two IBM 7090 mainframe computers are to be acquired at an education discount, which requires Columbia to devote at of notre dame school, least 88 hours per month for purposes of memorial church stanford university instruction and unsponsored academic research. With funding lined up, Dean Halford proposes the university dame 2016-2017 calendar new Computer Center to the University Committee on Finance. Charlotte. The need for a Computer Center was clear. By this point, about 220 University research projects were being handled on IBM's computers in Watson Lab and the demands had long since exceeded the Lab's capacity, resulting in the rental of IBM computers by the following university sites: An IBM 1620 at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. An IBM 650 at the Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory. An IBM 650 at Hudson Lab. An IBM 650 at the Electronics Research Lab of the Engineering School. The primary needs were in high-energy physics (then accounting about 200 hours of IBM 650 time per month), sociology (50 hours/month), geophysics (100 hours of IBM 709 time per month), biochemistry, and chemistry.

A school of computer science will evolve gradually at the Computing Center, with an 2016-2017 school calendar independent line of university carolina dance administration as an educational organ of the University. The IBM Watson Lab courses would be taken over by the Computing Center. The initial staff was to university of notre school, be 15 persons covering two shifts, including a branch librarian [29]. Quad Gameday Boots. The Computing Center was to serve those whose research is sponsored and those whose research is not. It has been created with the university 2016-2017 aim of serving all of the needs of both groups without preference toward either one, with the expectation that its cost would have to be met in substantial part by speeches essay help the University [36]. Sep 1961: The Columbia Committee on Finance approves Dean Halford's proposal to university of notre dame school, create a Computer Center, based on funding pledges from IBM and church stanford address, NSF [28]. 1961-63: Construction of the Computer Center building. University Dame Calendar. Total cost: $800,000 [30] (PHOTOS, STORIES NEEDED). 2 Jan 1963: Columbia University Computer Center (CUCC) opens. Dr.

Kenneth M. King, who received his Columbia Ph.D. in Physics as a Watson Fellow under Prof. L.H. Ohio Of Kentucky. Thomas [17] and had managed Watson Lab's computing facility [20], was the of notre 2016-2017 school first Director, with a joint appointment to the faculty of Electrical Engineering and prison death, Computer Science [V5#3]. University Of Notre. The original location was 612 W 116th Street (the first Watson Lab), which still housed the university of alabama boots IBM teaching facility as well as Casa Hispanica, but the university of notre school calendar new underground Computer Center building between Havemeyer and Uris halls was soon ready with machine rooms for equipment and offices for staff (more space than we'll ever need). The Computer Center initially housed the following equipment [10]:

IBM 7090 (PHOTOS AND STORIES) with 32768 (32K) 36-bit words of magnetic core storage. This was the university first commercial computer based on university of notre school transistor, rather than vacuum tube, logic (a vacuum-tube 709 was originally planned [29], but the 7090 appeared just in time). It is in the direct line of carolina charlotte team descent from Watson Lab's NORC. The price was $1,205,000.00 after 60% IBM educational allowance, amortized over 5 years (Letter of John A. Krout, VP of the University, 4 Oct 1961, AcIS archives). Included: Two data channels. Two IBM 1301 Model 2 disks, total capacity: 9320000 36-bit words.

Six IBM 729VI 7-track tape drives. an IBM 1402-2 80-column Card Reader/Punch, reads 800 cards/minute, punches 250. University School Calendar. Two IBM 1403 chain printers, 132 cols/line, 1100 lines/minute = 3 secs/page. University. 7040 Console Typewriter. 1014 Remote Inquiry Unit. Applications include FORTRAN II, COBOL, SORT, MAP, UTILITY PACKAGE, plus the IBSYS monitor. IBM 1401 with: 4000 characters of memory. Two 729V tape drives. One 600 LPM printer. University Of Notre Dame Calendar. Advanced Programming Package. Access to computing was batch only.

Users brought decks or boxes of punch cards to the operators and came back the next day to retrieve their cards and the resulting listings from the output bins. Jobs were paid for out of help grants or funny money. There were no user terminals and university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, there was no user access to the machine room, which was staffed around the clock by operators and a shift supervisor. During the first six months of the Center's operation, [the 7090] logged 907.55 hours on 158 projects for 101 members of our academic staff. Downtime ran to thirty hours or so monthly during the first two months, as expected in a new installation, but fell to acceptable levels for the remainder of the period. About forty-five percent of the time used was furnished to projects sponsored by government contracts. [36] Aug 1963: An IBM 1410 was added, shared by the Registrar's Office, and ran until 1973. Nov 1963: The IBM 7090 was replaced by an IBM 7094-I. 1964-70: IBM Watson Lab continues operation at 612 W 115th Street, concentrating now on life sciences and medicine. Among many results from this period was improved analysis of Pap smears, and there was an university charlotte dance team alliance with the Urban League Street Academy program, educating community kids in 2016-2017 school calendar science. 1965: Photo gallery of the hsc english Columbia Computer Center in 1965: The IBM 7094/7040 Coupled System, the Hough-Powell Device (HPD), Tape Library, Key Punch / EAM room.

In 1965 the Computer Center had 25 employees, all housed in the Computer Center building: the director (Ken King), 8 operators, a librarian, and 15 technical people. Besides the IBM 7094/7040 system there was also an university of notre 2016-2017 IBM 1401 and a 1410 computer in the machine room, as well as the unit record equipment listed in the January 1963 entry. 1965-67: Professor Eckert and his Columbia thesis student in Celestial Mechanics, Harry F. Smith (who was also on the Watson Lab technical staff as lab manager in the 116th Street building, helping students (often of Eric Hankam) debug their IBM 650 programs, assisting students in other ways with other computers in the building, and responsible for closing up the lab at university carolina team, 11pm each evening) refine the theory of the moon -- the equations that describe and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, predict its motion -- to unheard-of accuracy, improving upon the calculations performed by Eckert in 1948-52 on hsc english essay help the SSEC [78] by adding additional terms: 10,000 equations in of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar 10,000 unknowns, 100,000,000 possible coefficients. The calculations were programmed in assembly language by Smith, who devised efficient methods for solving these sparse equations with so many small-divisor terms that were a potential source of instability, and university of north carolina dance team, run on university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar the Computer Center's IBM 7094 over of north charlotte team, a period of three years [65,87], resulting in 220 pages of lunar position tables published in Astronomical Papers of the American Ephemeris , plus several papers in astronomical journals (see Eckert's bibliography). This was the culmination of university Eckert's life's work. Smith is now on hsc english essay the Computer Science faculty at University of North Carolina. 1965: (Month?) The Administrative Data Processing Center (ADPC) was established.

The newly established Computer Center was primarily for university of notre dame school academic computing (in those days, research and very little instruction). Administrative computing was done independently by individual departments such as the Registrar's Office and the Controller's Office. The new, separate ADPC drew programmers from the Registrar's and Conroller's offices as well as the Computer Center, including York Wong, previously the Computer Center programming supervisor, who became director of the new administrative group. The equipment (IBM 1401s and IBM 1410s) was in the Controller's office in Hogan Hall on Broadway and in Prentis Hall, 632 West 125th Street, with applications written in AUTOCODER [20]. (The story of the stanford experiment death administrative computing prior to 1965 is still largely a mystery. Dorothy Marshall, VP for ADP, upon her retirement in 1988, wrote a reminiscence in the ADP Newsletter [11], where she recalls that ADP actually originated in the Controller's Office, the of notre first [administrative] department to use a punch-card system.

The first large system ADP acquired is hsc english speeches still with us -- the Alumni Records and Gift Information System (ARGIS) -- and I recall very clearly the accusations that we were using all the tape drives and of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, all the system resources at the expense of the University researchers. Avoid Essay Writer. (This was to university of notre dame, be a recurring theme.) Unfortunately Dorothy did not mention dates or places.) (Coincidentally, some clue was provided on the front page of the Columbia University website, 18 Jan 2001, and subsequent University Record article [18] announcing the retirement of Joe Sulsona, shift supervisor of the Computer Center machine room, after 42 years: Sulsona, a New York City native, went from high school directly to ohio university vs university of kentucky, the military. When he returned from Korea in 1957 at the age of university dame 2016-2017 23, he studied the latest in computing, gaining experience as a board programmer, which involved the church stanford manipulation of wires and plugs on a computer board, much like the original telephone operating systems. He was hired at Columbia's alumni faculty records office as a machine operator and spent his time punching out data cards using a small keypunch machine.) May 1965: An IBM 7040 was installed to form the IBM 7094/7040 Directly Coupled System (DCS) with 2x32K 36-bit words memory [6,19]. The 7040 freed the 7090 from mundane input/output and scheduling tasks so its power could be focussed on of notre 2016-2017 school computation. May 1965: Even though IBM 7000 series computers were to be the ohio vs university of kentucky mainstay of Columbia computing for the next several years, the handwriting was on the wall; their capacity would soon be overwhelmed by increasing demand.

IBM proposes the new System/360 architecture for the Computer Center on university of notre dame 2016-2017 school May 21. This was to the stanford prison experiment, be the basis for university of notre dame 2016-2017 IBM's mainframe line into the next millenium. Unlike previous IBM mainframes, the 360 was available in a range of compatible models, from small slow machines such as the Model 20 (suitable mainly for printing decks of cards) to the Model 92 supercomputer that they proposed to Columbia, with many in between (IBM's proposal was for a coupled Model 92 and Model 75). University Quad Gameday. Each model could use the same peripherals, and 360-series computers could also be connected to each other in various ways and even share main memory. The 360/92 that IBM proposed, with its thin-film memory technology, turned out to be too expensive. The 360/91, announced about the same time, was an equivalent machine that used less expensive and somewhat slower core memory (the thin-film model was eventually marketed as the 360/95).

To achieve supercomputer speeds, the 360/9x models pioneered new concepts such as instruction pipelining and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, lookahead, branch prediction, cache memory, overlap, and of kentucky, parallelism. The 360/9x series is optimized for scientific calculation and university dame calendar, lacks a hardware decimal arithmetic capability (which is simulated in software). Hsc English. The coupled Models 92 and 75, with their peripherals, carried a monthly rental of $167,671.00 (after a 36% educational discount), which works out to university of notre 2016-2017 school, over two million dollars a year, and about 22 million over what would be the 11-year lifetime of the university dance team system. [32] Nov 1965: The blackout of 1965 . University 2016-2017. The lights went out for about 12 hours in Manhattan, most of the US northeast, and vs university of kentucky, large parts of dame 2016-2017 Canada. Interestingly, I can't unearth any stories about the blackout's impact on computing at Columbia. In those days it was not a catastrophe -- or even remarkable -- if computers were down for 12 hours. 1965-69: Of the Columbia University Teachers College IBM 1130, Peter Kaiser recalls, The Teacher's College computing center had what may have been the world's most over-configured 1130. Hsc English Speeches Help. It had not only a 2250 but also the additional hardware to make an 1130 into a 1500, the special version designed for interactive instruction; and therefore it could also drive multiple 2260-like terminals.

The then director of the TCCC had ambitions use the 1130/1500 for research to improve on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory by timing the responses to dame calendar, the test administered through one of these terminals. When I left to take a real-world job in 1969 that project was in abeyance. 1966-67: Ken King offers a course in computer appreciation. Demand was high and half of the 60 students who tried to hsc english, enroll had to be turned away. Popular computer courses are also offered this year in Engineering, Mathematics, and Sociology [38]. 1966: Watson Lab gets one of the first APL terminals (an IBM 1050), hooked to university 2016-2017 school calendar, the M44/44X system in Yorktown, which is a 7044 computer coupled with a 7055 computer that controls a number of terminals. This system is used to simulate a number of of kentucky 44X computers, including one per university of notre calendar, 1050 terminal; the 44X is the plastic essay computer seen and university of notre, programmed by the user operating from gameday boots, a 1050 terminal. It is primarily for of notre dame calendar users of FORTRAN IV but the prison experiment race 1050 can also be used to run APL (Iverson Language) programs on Yorktown's 360/50 (Iverson worked at the Yorktown facility) [88]. APL soon becomes quite popular, both at Watson Lab and CUCCA. There were tie lines between campus and the 115th Street Watson Lab building, and tie lines from Watson Lab to Yorktown. Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. The Watson receptionist (Annie Hall) could, upon request, connect the two, allowing campus 2741 data terminals to access APL at memorial church stanford university address, Yorktown [106].

Jan 1966: The Columbia Computer Center Newsletter commences publication. It would continue in one form or another until November 1994. Oct 1966: ADPC staff moves to of notre dame, Casa Hispanica at 612 West 116th Street (around the corner from Chock Full O' Nuts and a couple doors west of Campus Deli), sharing the help small building with the of notre school calendar Department of Spanish and stanford address, Portuguese [20] and the IBM teaching facility [17]. Staff from the academic Computer Center also begin to university of notre dame school calendar, move into this tiny building. Vs University. Soon it is crammed beyond capacity and offices spill over into neighboring apartment buildings (520 W 114th Street plus a long-gone building on West 117th Street, itself (the street) also just a memory). 1967: Dr. Seymour H. Koenig (PHOTO), who received his Ph.D. in Physics from Columbia in university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar 1952 (and his BS in 1949) and joined Watson Lab the same year, is of kentucky appointed its Director [9]. By this time Watson laboratory has RJE access to the big IBM 360s in Yorktown, but when then the link is down they use the CUCCA facilities [9]. 1967: Library automation begins about here.

I remember some form of automation starting in the 1966-68 timeframe when I was a student assistant in Butler -- there was already a Library Systems Office on the Mezzanine then; I used to schlepp decks of cards and listings back and forth to school calendar, the Computer Center for them. By 1967, circulation was already computerized in Central Circulation and Burgess-Carpenter (where I worked at the time), and university of alabama quad gameday boots, a collaboration was underway with Stanford and the University of Chicago regarding cataloging and acquisitions [24]; perhaps this was the origin of RLIN. CLICK HERE for university of notre 2016-2017 calendar more about avoid, library automation. AND HERE. Mar 1967: In response to IBM's May 1965 proposal, and after lining up sources of funding for it, the Computer Center announces its plan to university calendar, upgrade and modernize its equipment and to unify academic and carolina, administrative computing in a Computer Center Newsletter article written by (of all people) President Grayson Kirk [V2#2-3]. Of Notre School. In the first stage , October 1967, an charlotte IBM 360/50 was rented [19, 20, 24], to allow the 7090-to-360 conversion to begin. Aug 1967: Second stage: An IBM 360/75 was purchased and university school calendar, linked to the 360/50.

In the ensuing months, staff learned OS/360, JCL, and some new programming languages like PL/I and SNOBOL, as well as new versions of old ones like WATFOR (the University of Waterloo version of Fortran), and then quickly began to modify the avoid plastic operating system for dame school purposes of accounting and resource limitation, and also to add support for IBM 2741 and other terminals that were not supported yet and then to create a conversational monitor called CLEO to allow job submission and retrieval from terminals [24]. Aug 1967: The US government mandates a chargeback scheme for computer time, launching the Computer Center on a neverending series of increasingly baroque charging schemes involving hard currency and funny money. The first such scheme was a simple $150 per the stanford prison race, hour of CPU time (which, in those days, was the same thing as elapsed time), with some grandfathering of university of notre calendar existing unsupported projects (Letter of Warren Goodell, 1 Aug 1967, AcIS archives). 1967-68 The Columbia University Bulletin Watson Laboratory lists the courses taught by Watson Lab scientists who have Columbia faculty appointments, including Philip Aisen, Frank Beckman, Thomas Fabry, Richard Garwin, Martin Gutzwiller, Seymour Koenig, Andrew Kotchoubey, Meir Lehman, John Lentz, Allen Lurio, Thomas Moss, Ralph Palmer, Peter Price, Alred Redfield, Pat Sterbenz, and Hilleth Thomas. After the Computer Center opened in 1963, Watson Lab is no longer the focus of computing; its course offerings concentrate on biology, mathematics, and physics, but several computing courses are still listed, including EE E6827x-E6828y Digial Computer Design (Prof.

Lehmann), Math G4401x-4402y Numerical Analysis and Digital Computers (Prof. Sterbenz; I took this one several years later), Math G4413x The Use of High-Speed Digital Computers for Scientific Computation (Dr. Kotchoubey), Math G4414y Introduction to Automata Theory and Formal Languages (Prof. Rickman), and Math G6428y Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations (Prof. Thomas). 1968: The Department of Electrical Engineering becomes the university quad gameday boots Department of Electrical Engineering and university 2016-2017 school, Computer Science. This was to be the locus for computer science instruction and research until the establishment of a separate Computer Science Department in 1979. Jan 1968: Raphael Ramirez starts work as an operator in the machine room.

CLICK HERE to hsc english speeches essay, read his reminiscences of the early days. Feb 1968: The IBM 7040 was removed [19]. CLEO, an interactive terminal monitor developed here, was released and announced [24]. Apr-May 1968: The Columbia student uprising of 1968 . Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. Computer Center management and some of the staff feared the worst -- invasion, occupation, wreckage -- but nothing happened to the Computer Center at university carolina charlotte, all. Peter Kaiser, who worked at university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, the Computer Center at the time, recalls, The campus was in an uproar. So was much of university of north charlotte team America, and 2016-2017 calendar, the political powers that be were frightened and acting ugly; I have vivid memories of the NYC police lined up ready to do violence to the students who had occupied the administration building, which they eventually did by memorial university invading the university of notre dame 2016-2017 school building and beating up everyone in sight. Before the police stormed the building, though, the university address computer center's administration feared that the center itself would be occupied, so there were worried talks about what to do if that ever happened. In the event it didn't happen, but the uproar delayed the delivery of the 360. Jessica Gordon (the acting Director) reports spending two (not consecutive) nights sleeping (to the extent possible) at the Center when we were warned of major events.

One day I was standing on College Walk with a group of others [including Raphael Ramirez] watching the special Tactical Police [Force]. jack-booted thugs, marching onto campus. As they passed, one of them turned to us and said 'Hi there, sports fans!'. As a participant, I have no recollection of the Computer Center ever being considered as a target for occupation or attack, nor does the Computer Center's Annual report for 1967-68 make any mention of it [24]. However, there might have been a picket line afterwards, since picket lines went up in front of of notre 2016-2017 school most academic buildings. Jul 1968: ADPC joins the Computer Center with its new director (yet to be chosen after York Wong resigned to resume his studies, but who would be Jon Turner) reporting to stanford, Ken King. Now there is One Computer Center. Conversion of university of notre calendar ADP applications from IBM 1401/1410 to IBM 360 architecture begins; this would take until 1973 [20].

Legend has it, however, that some 1401 applications were left intact and executed on subsequent IBM 360-series mainframes by running a 1401 emulator under a 7090 emulator. Warren Goodell's 14 June 1968 letter announcing the change stresses that even more important than the university vs university consolidation of all applications on the new equipment is the dame school prospect of increased freedom for interchange of ideas and avoid bags essay, techniques of programming and systems analysis between staffs now separated by artifical organization boundaries (AcIS archive). Sep 1968: The student (UI) consultant program is established (UI = Unsupported Instructional, the accounting class used for instruction). University Of Notre 2016-2017 School. This program is stanford university address still active today. Students with knowledge of Columbia's computer systems and applications are hired part-time to dame, help users in the public areas. Previously, all help and consulting were provided by full-time professional staff on a rotating basis. Afterwards, full-timers continued to of alabama gameday boots, take their turns, but now could devote more time to systems and applications development and support. For more about the origins of the university calendar student consulting system, READ THIS. Dec 1968: The IBM 7094, 1401, and 360/50 are removed. The 1401 is vs university of kentucky moved to dame school, the Controller's Office [19].

IBM 360 equipment at vs university of kentucky, the end of 1968 consisted of [24]: Model 75 CPU 2075 with 2.5 million bytes of memory. Two processor storage units 2365 (512K total) Selector Channel 2860-II Drum storage control 2820 Drum storage unit 2301 (fixed-head cylindrical disk for swapping) Direct-access storage facility 2314 with 2844 2-channel control unit Two storage control units 2841 Data cell drive 2321 Eight disk storage drives 2311 Multiplexor channel 2780 Console typewriter 1052-7 Two card reader/printer controls 2821 Four printers 1403 with 1416 print train Two card reader/punches 2540 Two typewriter terminals 2740 Forty typewriter terminals 2741 Two communications adapters 2701 Display control 2848-I Ten display stations 2260-2 Two tape control units 2803 Two magnetic tape units 2402-2 (4 drives) Magnetic tape unit 2402-5 (2 drives) Two magnetic tape tape units 2402-6 (4 drives) On-Line CRT display Stromberg-Datagraphics 4060. With the university of notre dame school exception of the last item, all model numbers are IBM. Of North Carolina Charlotte Dance Team. Dec 1968: One of the last gasps of the 7090/7094 system was an early example of computer-generated film by a participant in the 1968 student uprising, Denys George Irving . Here (for as long as the link lasts) is his film “69”, and here is a list of other works of his. Mar 1969: The IBM 360/91 supercomputer (PHOTOS), one of the first third generation computers and the biggest, fastest (and probably most expensive) computer on earth at the time, is university 2016-2017 calendar installed and coupled with the hsc english 360/75 [19]. Thus for the second time in university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar 15 years, Columbia is home to the world's fastest computer. Only fifteen 360/91s were made and plastic bags writer, four of them were retained by IBM for their internal use (other 360/9x sites included Princeton University and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on West 112th Street, just a few blocks away); the giant computer took every inch of space in the Computer Center machine room. extensive renovations had to made to accommodate its sprawling dimensions [20] (this is an understatement; in fact the Computer Center entrance had to university of notre, be demolished just to get it in the door and most interior walls removed to church address, make space for it [V2#6]). IBM 360/91 with 2 million bytes of core memory; 60nsec machine cycle, 780nsec memory cycle, 120nsec effective memory access rate, and dame 2016-2017 calendar, an instruction cache (pipeline). An additional drum.

All of the essay peripherals and equipment listed above for the 360/75. Two full-time IBM technicians on site (Hans und Fritz?) The 360/75 became the Attached Support Processor (ASP) for the 91, essentially a job scheduler and dame 2016-2017 calendar, input/output controller, freeing the 91 for intensive computation. Quad. I don't have a photo of 2016-2017 calendar our own Model 75, but HERE is one from IBM. Rather than rent the coupled 360/75/91 system as IBM proposed, the University purchased it outright for university of alabama seven million dollars [19], to be amortized over seven or eight years (whether seven or eight was a point of of notre 2016-2017 calendar much contention, as it affected the chargeback rates levied upon memorial address, research grants; in dame 2016-2017 school fact it was in operation for more than eleven years; thus the decision to purchase saved about fifteen million dollars). Of the total cost, three million dollars was for the 360/91 CPU, memory, and second drum; this was only half the list price due to university, the educational allowance that was negotiated. The rest was for university of notre dame the 360/75 and its peripherals. My own (perhaps inflated) recollection is that the 360/91 covered about an acre of floor space, most of which was devoted to full-size cabinets each containing 16K of core memory, for a total of 2MB at about 8 square feet of floorspace (and about 48 cubic feet) per 16K, plus surrounding floorspace for ohio university access, times 300. Each memory cabinet had a glass door so you could look in and see each bit. All the disks, tapes, printers, Teletypes and everything else were in there too, plus a vast tape library and specialized test equipment such as the BOM (Byte Oriented Memory) tester. All this was powered through a gigantic cast-iron motor generator weighing who-knows-how-many tons (just the university of notre dame 2016-2017 school flywheel probably weighed a ton) putting out 400-some Volts 3-phase power, and cooled by distilled water trucked in university address by Deer Park in big glass bottles in wooden crates.

There was a control room in of notre dame the basement full of memorial church stanford university pipes, valves, gauges, pumps, and university 2016-2017, water jugs and a mammoth cooling tower upstairs, venting half a million BTUs per avoid plastic writer, hour into the atmosphere (Alan Rice, a physics PhD student who was also a night-shift operator, recalls an incident in which a heat alarm summoned the dame calendar fire department, who were ready to chop the machine up with axes until he talked them out of it) . But the most impressive feature of the prison experiment race 360/91 was its control panel (PHOTO). The operators used to turn off the room lights and stare it at university of notre dame school calendar, all night, waiting for the yellow loop mode light came on (executing a loop in the pipeline without accessing core memory); this was the sign of a well-crafted program. (For more about loop mode, READ THIS). There was an ongoing bubble chamber experiment in the machine room, which began in the 7094 days. Prison Race. Stereo photographs of bubble chamber events were digitized using the of notre 2016-2017 calendar High-Energy Particle Detector (HPD) Flying Spot Scanner (HPD might also stand for quad Hough-Powell Device), channel-attached to the 360/91, as was a very large IBM 2250 video display with light pen (this terminal alone was said to have cost $100,000), to allow scientists to interactively select interesting events for of notre calendar analysis. This kind of work required physicists to take the computer standalone for hours at a time, which became problematic in hsc english essay help later years when it was in university of notre dame calendar demand by the general academic and the stanford prison experiment death, administrative computing population around the clock, and eventually the experiment was discontinued: the science for which the computer was originally acquired, and which provided much of the of notre dame school funding for it, was squeezed out by the mundane requirements of instruction and administration. The Stromberg-Carlson on-line CRT display (NEED PHOTO) was in fact a kind of hsc english speeches essay graphics plotter, about the size of a panel truck, originally in the machine room but later parked outside in university of notre 2016-2017 the hallway where it couldn't hurt the other machines. Users created graphics images on the mainframe using a package called IGS, wrote them to 7-track magtape, and had the operators feed the magtape to the plotter. Bags Essay. The images were projected on university of notre dame a screen inside the box; a 35mm camera -- no kidding -- would take a picture of the screen, and then somehow disgorge its film, which would be developed in chemical baths, washed, and mounted as a slide that would eventually pop out of the little output slot if all went well, which rarely was the case -- more often the machine leaked acid and/or caught fire. Later it was replaced by a Gould 5100 electrostatic flatbed plotter that could produce 100dpi monochrome plots up to about 3 feet wide on pungent white paper.

Various plotting packages (including one that Howard Eskin and I wrote that fitted lines, curves, and splines to of alabama, data points) were available for it on university school the mainframe only. Apr 1969: The Columbia Computer Center develops, funds, and conducts a 6-month training course in prison computer skills for of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar 23 students from the carolina team local Black and Latino communities: key punching and COBOL programming, with highly successful (96%) post-graduation job placement and followup. (V4#20). 1 Oct 1969: The first ARPANET transmission took place between the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Shortly thereafter connections were made to the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah. The ARPANET expanded to university of notre school, thirteen sites by January 1971, 23 sites by April 1972, and eventually grew into today's wordlwide Internet. Membership was limited to US Department of Defense research grantees until the early 1980s, at which time Columbia University would join. Dec 1969: The IBM 1130 at Lamont Geological (now Earth) Observatory in Palisades NY is connected to the Computer Center's IBM 360/91 by leased line for remote job entry (see Glossary), partially replacing the previous messenger service. This was a first in long-haul networking at Columbia University (V4#23). (Peter Kaiser reports that Columbia Teachers College also had an prison death IBM 1130, and it was connected as an university school calendar RJE station in the same way prior to 1969, but since TC is just across 120th Street, it's not exactly long haul networking.)

1970: Read an excellent summary of the university vs university of kentucky state of data communications in 1970: The IBM Data Communications Primer (PDF). Sep 1970: The IBM Watson Research Laboratory at Columbia University closes after 25 years of operation and a remarkable record of discovery and achievement. The idea of corporate-sponsored multidisciplinary pure research pioneered here had proven so successful that IBM built a new and much larger facility in 1961 in Yorktown Heights, NY, with others soon to follow in San José, Zürich, and elsewhere, but its research headquarters remained at Columbia, IBM's first research laboratory, until 1970. The IBM T.J. Watson Research Center founded here in 1945 now spans four major facilities at three sites. The Columbia Computer Center offices and the Columbia Purchasing Department move to the Watson Lab building on of notre 2016-2017 612 West 115th Street. Avoid Plastic Bags Essay Writer. The IBM-Columbia relationship continues for of notre 2016-2017 some time afterward mainly in the form of faculty appointments (in 1976 I took a graduate-level numerical analysis course in the Engineering School from one such professor, Pat Sterbenz, author of the book Floating-Point Computation ). IBM left behind a machine room with raised floor (back of 7th floor, where they had their 1620), a fully equipped classroom (back of 1), and lots of furniture including my 1940s-vintage Steelcase desk with metal Physics Dept ID plate attached (dating from World War II when IBM moved into Pupin). During its residence at Columbia University, IBM Watson Laboratory staff had been granted 67 patents and published 359 articles in recognized scientific journals [9]. Dorothy Marshall [11] writes, The third floor [of 612 West 115th Street] was entirely without inner walls and contained large milling machines and other noisy tooling machines, as well as pipes, hoses, and exhaust ducts [but] the staff at Casa Hispanica felt they were extraordinarily crowded [so were glad for ohio of kentucky the additional space]. University Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Nola Johnson writes in the same issue, I remember when we were packed like sardines in Casa Hispanica.

There would be three or four of ohio university vs university us in one tiny room, complete with keypunch and fireplace. Until about the mid-1970s, CUCC staff submitted jobs from Watson (as they had done from Casa Hispanica), and messengers went back and forth delivering decks of university of notre dame school calendar cards and rolled-up printouts. In fact, rolled-up printouts still arrived each day from a daily batch job that was submitted decades ago and ran faithfully until 2004 when the Academic IBM mainframe was retired; nobody knew exactly what the batch job did or how to cancel it. 31 Jan 1971: Professor Wallace Eckert, founder of the plastic bags writer Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, attends the Apollo 14 launch. The lunar orbit calculations upon which the Apollo missions were based were done by Eckert at Watson Laboratory and on the SSEC computer [42,92], designed at Watson Laboratory under Eckert's direction in the late 1940s, and later improved on the Lab's NORC, IBM 650, and 1620 computers, and still later on the Computer Center's IBM 7094. Eckert died six months later. July 1971 - June 1973 The Columbia Computer Center publishes two annual Project Abstracts, in which every single research, instruction, and administrative project carried out on the IBM 360/91 is listed, as well as publications resulting from these projects. In FY 1971-72 there were 119 publications and in 1972-73, 214 publications are listed. Each abstract is of notre dame school calendar about 250 pages long; the first one was generated by a SNOBOL program and ohio university vs university, printed on the 1403 printer; the second one was typeset somehow using programs written by Computer Center technical staff. I would call this the Golden Age of the Computer Center , reflecting an unparalleled degree of school collaboration between the essay writer faculty and the Computer Center and the accomplishment of university of notre 2016-2017 calendar much work that might well have had an university impact on the real world medicine, social research, physical sciences, engineering, every field was represented. Computer Center Technical staff participated in many of these projects, and each project contributed a writeup.

The projects themselves are fascinating, about 100 pages of of notre school calendar project description in each volume, about 5 projects per university quad gameday boots, page. Aug 3-5, 1971: At the second annual Association for 2016-2017 Computing Machinery (ACM) computer chess championship at ACM 71 in Chicago, the Columbia Computer Chess Program (CCCP) came in tied for 3-6 in a field of university 8. CCCP was written by Columbia student (and now CS faculty member) Steve Bellovin and CUCCA's Aron Eisenpress, Ben Yalow, and Andrew Koenig. For more about the development of CCCP, READ THIS. Aug 1971: Stanford University's Wylbur [49] is installed on university of notre the 360/75, replacing a previous system called CRBE. Wylbur is described as a terminal system with limited interactive capabilities, used as a remote job entry and on-line text-editing facilities. . Wylbur may be used with an the stanford race IBM 2741 typewriter terminal or a Teletype device. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. At present CUCC's Wylbur does not support IBM 2260 terminals (early video terminals in the 2nd floor Computer Center terminal room); the Jan 1972 Newsletter announces their replacement with a similar CRT device, the Hazeltine 2000 (four of them) [V6#7]. University Gameday Boots. The IBM 2741 was a Selectric typewriter embedded in a small-desk-size cabinet crammed with electronics and wires, which communicated at 134.5 bits per second, half duplex (when it was the computer's turn to transmit, it physically locked the dame 2016-2017 school typewriter keyboard). Avoid Bags Essay. There was also limited dialup access; in those days this was at 110 to 300 bits per second by of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar acoustically coupled modems. More about memorial stanford university address, Wylbur below. Oct 1971: Ken King resigns as Computer Center Director and moves to university of notre calendar, CUNY as Dean of stanford Computer Systems.

Later he would become president of EDUCOM and of notre dame calendar, Vice Chancellor of Computing at Cornell University. Ohio University Vs University. Dr. Warren F. Goodell, VP for university dame 2016-2017 school calendar Administration, Ken's boss, assumes Acting Director position (V6#6), but since he was not on ohio vs university site, Jessica Hellwig (Gordon), who had previously been on of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar the IBM Watson Lab computing staff [21] had day-to-day responsibility. (Newsletters of the early 70s were devoted mainly to memorial address, JCL hints and tips, announcements of meetings and conferences, announcements of OS/360 upgrades, explanations of cost accounting, and lists of university of notre dame 2016-2017 school unclaimed tapes in the tape library -- up to 6 pages of bags writer numeric tape IDs on one occasion (in the Earth Week issue no less: V6#5, 15 Apr 1971) -- plus the annual April Fools Issue, usually featuring parodies of university 2016-2017 school cost accounting. Prior to 1971, they also contained abstracts or reports of research projects, e.g.

Motivating Learning in Interracial Situations (V5#2); French Business Elite Study, Jonathan Cole et al; Transport and Fluid Mechanics in Artificial Organs, Ed Leonard et al (V5#13); as well as Computer Science Colloquia.) Dec 1971: Two IBM 2501 self-service card readers (PHOTO) installed in 208 Computer Center. The use of the stanford prison experiment race self-service card readers affords CUCC users much greater security for their decks at of notre calendar, both the bags submission and the retrieval points of running a job. Users will be able to read in their own decks and keep them while the job is running -- thereby eliminating the risk of loss or mishandling of the deck by university 2016-2017 the Center. Also, since input decks no longer need be left in hsc english essay help the output bins, the exposure of users' JOB cards -- and therefore their project numbers -- to of notre, anauthorized persons [some things never change] will be significantly reduced. In addition to this increased security, the 2501's will also provide greater efficiency since the user will be able to hsc english help, discover and of notre dame 2016-2017, correct immediately such problems as off-punched cards [hanging and hsc english speeches essay help, pregnant chad were evidently not an issue in 1971] , rather than having to wait for the job to be processed by the Center. (V6#19) Also on the second floor was an IBM 360 Model 20 used for printing card decks onto fanfold paper, duplicating card decks, and university dame 2016-2017, so on; the desired function could be selected with a dial. There was (and had been for dance team some time) a key punch room on the first floor. Later the Model 20 was moved to the key punch room. Apr 1972: TPMON installed, allows terminal lines to be switched among different applications such as Wylbur ( and university dame 2016-2017 school, what else? ) rather than dedicated to a specific one.

Sep 1972: IBM OS/360 21.0 installed (V6#33). 1973: The following was posted by university charlotte Arthur T. Murray on alt.folklore.computers , 22 May 2003: There is a tenuous etiological link between Columbia and the founding of Microsoft Corporation . Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Here in Seattle WA USA, a Columbia Ph.D. grad in ohio university vs university of kentucky astronomy, Dr. James R. Naiden -- now in his late eighties -- around 1973 was teaching Latin at The Lakeside School. 'Doc' Naiden observed that the students were eager to get into computers, so he asked (Naiden was always starting things, e.g., he hired Vilem Sokol to run the Seattle Youth Symphony for many years; he also started a history-of-literature or some such group, still allegedly running at the University of university 2016-2017 school Washington) the Lakeside Mothers Club to donate some money from death race, their annual Lakeside Rummage Sale to buying some computer time-share for the kids -- back then there were no personal computers. The Mothers put up one thousand dollars, which Bill Gates and Paul Allen ran through in a matter of weeks. Upshot: Columbia Doc Naiden Lakeside School Microsoft Corp. Jan 1973: V6#46 mentions twenty-five IBM 2741 terminals being replaced by (presumably compatible) Anderson-Jacobson 841 terminals, which were cheaper to rent ($88 versus $100 per month).

Feb 1973: The Self-Service Input/Output (SSIO) Area (PHOTO GALLERY) is opened on the first floor of the Computer Center building. Equipment included two card readers, two IBM 1403 printers, one online card punch (NEED PHOTO), a sorter, a collator, an interpreter, a duplicator, four Hazeltine 2000 user terminals, and 2016-2017 school calendar, one job inquiry console -- all self service -- plus a large number of IBM 029 key punches, and essay, a resident Insultant whom I remember well from my student days. The IBM 360 Model 20 was retired, replaced by a UNIVAC 1710 Interpreting Keypunch (V6#49, 21 Feb 1973). University Dame 2016-2017 School. Now, for the first time, users could not only submit their own jobs but also get the results themselves as soon as the university of alabama gameday boots job had run. University 2016-2017 School. Sometimes, standing in line at the card readers, were social scientists with data sets spanning 4 or 5 boxes of memorial church stanford address cards (2000 cards per box); submitting jobs of this size rarely proceeded without incident (jams, dropped decks). The normal student Open Batch job deck was a quarter inch thick and generally went through the system quickly. A Hazeltine 2000 ASP Job Inquiry station let you watch your job rise through the queue so you could elbow your way through the crowd to the printer when your job output started.

Every night from 7 to university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, 9pm was System Time, meaning the Systems Group from Watson Lab had the 360/91 to bags writer, themselves and the readers and printers were shut down. The SSIO area was a miserable place during those two hours. More about university dame, SSIO HERE. More about self-service computing just below in the entry for Sep 1973. 22 May 1973: Birth of Ethernet (a local area networking technology that would reach Columbia in the early 1980s and persist for decades), developed by Bob Metcalfe of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), which also gave us the graphical user interface and desktop metaphor. May 1973: Resignation of Joe Gianotti (Assistant Director), Ira Fuchs (systems programmer, who would go on of north to direct the CUNY facility and to found BITNET, become President of university of notre CREN, etc.), Aron Eisenpress, Ben Yalow, and of alabama gameday boots, other members of the Systems group, to university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, join Ken King at CUNY, which was acquiring brand-new then-leading-edge IBM 370/168 hardware (V6#54).

Soon more would follow. May 1973: Dr. Bruce Gilchrist is appointed the essay new Director of the Columbia University Computer Center (he would assume full-time duties in July). He also receives an appointment to the faculty of Electrical Engineering and calendar, Computer Science. Bruce was a co-inventor of the fast adder while at the Princeton Institute of Advanced Study (1955), then Director of Computing at the University of Syracuse (mid-to-late 1950s), joined IBM in experiment race 1959 and of notre calendar, became manager of IBM's Service Bureau and Data Processing divisions (1963-68). While at memorial church stanford university, IBM Bruce was Secretary and then Vice President of the Association for Computing Machinery, ACM (1960-64), and afterwards was President and Executive Director of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies, AFIPS (1968-73). Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. His final project at Columbia was the installation of the $20-million-dollar IBM/Rolm Computerized Branch Exchange, not just the University's first digital telephone system, but also the prison death race way that almost every single room (inclusing in of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar dormitories) on the Morningside campus got high-speed data access. Sep 1973: Bruce introduced the university of alabama quad gameday Open Batch system (V6#60), opening up The Computer to the masses for school calendar the first time, and renamed CUCC (Columbia University Computer Center) to CUCCA (Columbia University Center for Computing Activities), in recognition that computing was beginning to experiment death, take place outside the of notre 2016-2017 school calendar machine room. University Gameday. SSIO soon became unbelievably crowded. 1974: Snapshot: When I came to the CUCCA Systems Group in 1974, Dr. University Dame School. Howard Eskin was manager of ohio Systems (197?-1984), with joint appointment to the EE/CS faculty, where he taught the university of notre 2016-2017 school Data Structures and Compiler courses.

The big languages for systems programming then were 360 assembler, APL, PL/I and SPITBOL (a SNOBOL dialect). CUCCA included both academic and administrative computing under a single director, all in the Watson building at university dance, 612 W 115th Street. Administrative computing (ADP) shared floors 2-5 with the Purchasing Office, the Director's office and administrative staff on 6, academic on 7-8. Offices had chalkboards for scribbling ideas and diagrams. People used Hazeltine terminals at 1200 bps, connected to a multiplexer in university 2016-2017 calendar the back of 7 that was connected by leased telephone line to the 3705 in the machine room, and that always conked out on essay help rainy days. There was no e-mail.

The Penthouse was a kind of university school calendar cafeteria, with tables and chairs (I remember checkered tablecloths and gingham curtains) and university carolina charlotte dance team, a working, if rarely-used, kitchen. The back of the first floor was a large classroom (now divided into the network and mail rooms); across from the of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar elevator was a big Xerox copying room (Joe Iglesias), and of north carolina dance, there was a grand lobby and university dame 2016-2017 calendar, reception area, approximately where the art gallery is now, plus some administrative offices (Helen Ransower). There was a shower in the basement (later converted to a darkroom by Andy Koenig, and prison race, later to of notre 2016-2017, a weight-lifting room by Lloyd, the messenger/front-desk guy, an Olympic hopeful). The Penthouse later became a ping-pong room (for Vace), then AIS offices, later it was divided between the Kermit machine/production room and a sometimes-office sometimes-conference-room, and finally all offices. The back of the 7th floor was an ohio vs university IBM machine room dating from the 1950s, complete with raised floor, space phone floor-tile pullers, and communication cables radiating out to all the offices. The famous 1957 book about IBM, Think [8], speaks of teak paneling and dame 2016-2017 school, cozy fireplaces, but those were in the first Watson Lab, not this one. In those days, the Computer Center had a certain academic standing not only through faculty appointments, but also for its RD activities and library. The non-circulating research library (not to be confused with the Thomas J Watson Library of the Business School) in room 209 of the Computer Center Building was a full-fledged branch of the Columbia Library, complete with card catalog and librarian (the original librarians were Julia Jann and Hugh Seidman; Nuala Hallinan [20] was librarian from 1966 to avoid, 1973, succeeded by Evelyn Gorham). Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. The holdings, cataloged in Butler Library, included computer science books and journals as well as computer manuals and death race, Computer Center handouts [25].

New acquisitions continued until at university of notre 2016-2017 school, least 1973. University Of Alabama Quad Gameday Boots. Eventually (about 1980) the collection was transferred to the Engineering Library. Several technical staff members performed pure RD , for example Richard Siegler who worked half-time on an AI medical diagnosis assistant in SPITBOL with Dr. Rifkin at dame school, the Medical Center. An annual catalog, the Columbia University Bulletin, Computing Activities [7] was published, as well as a Technical Abstract of university quad boots each year's research projects.

CUCCA was co-sponsor (with EE/CS) of the University Colloquium in Computer Science . There was an alliance with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on 112th Street, which had one of the four existing IBM 360/95s. The academic user community was quite small. There were weekly user meetings where everybody could fit into one room; sometimes they were held in the Watson Penthouse. 1974-78: Heyday of Wylbur , and the age of the Hazeltine 2000 video terminal mainly on Olympus (aside from four Hazeltines available to users in 208 Computer Center: V6#22). Wylbur was an interactive linemode editor that could be used from university dame, a hardcopy or video terminal. It was far more than an editor, however; it was the avoid bags equivalent of the latter-day shell; users lived in Wylbur all day, writing Wylbur execs (like shell scripts), programs, and university of notre dame school calendar, JCL; submitting jobs, querying jobs, sending screen messages (but not e-mail) to stanford, each other, and so on. Wylbur originally came from Stanford but was improved beyond recognition by university of notre dame 2016-2017 school Dave Marcus and later Vace Kundakci, who also converted it to hsc english essay help, TSO and later to VM/CMS. It's still used today on our IBM mainframes, but unfortunately we could never export it due to licensing issues. Eventually Wylbur terminals -- hardwired to the 3705 -- were available to departments; sometimes these were video terminals, sometimes IBM 2741 (IBM hardcopy terminals made from university dame calendar, Selectric typewriters). When developing software on the mainframe, writing in memorial university address assembler, Fortran, PL/I, etc (compiled, not interpreted, languages), programs would often dump core because of faulty instructions (bugs, mistakes).

In those days, a core dump meant a literal dump of literal core memory to dame school, the printer, in hex, sometimes several feet thick. Essay. To find the of notre dame 2016-2017 fault, programmers would have to decode the core dump from the listing by hand, separating instructions, addresses, and data -- a lost art (and good riddance!) When the DEC-20s arrived on the scene, it became possible to analyze and debug core images (and even running programs) interactively and symbolically with a tool called (what else) DDT, and debugging tasks that once took days or weeks became quick and even fun. DDT-like tools live on today in Unix as 'adb' and 'gdb'. May 1974: Snapshot: Wylbur has 500 users. CALL/360 has 50-100 users.

There are 2000 batch users. 50% of university each programmer's time is spent helping users. ADP submits 10% of the batch jobs but uses 50% of the machine. Because of their EAM backgrounds, the Registrar's and Controller's Offices consider the 360/91 a large sorter. 90% of billing is for funny money. Technical staff turnover is too high, talented people can not be retained. [33] 1974-75: First proof of concept home computers introduced (Mark-8, Altair).

1975: IBM 3705 communications front end replaced by an NCR COMTEN (which lasted until August 1998), after a two-week training course in the Watson Lab classroom in the back of the university dame school calendar 1st floor. Jul 1975: A DEC PDP-11/50 minicomputer (PHOTOS) was installed, running the RSTS/E timesharing system (we considered UNIX, but it was not nearly ready for large-scale production use in a hostile environment). This was the first true general-purpose public-access timesharing system (not counting APL and CALL/OS (aka CALL/360), which were both OS/360 subsystems (essentially batch jobs, each of which controlled a number of plastic essay writer terminals simultaneously); the latter was only for dame school the Business School and APL, though open to the public, required special terminals which were not to be found in abundance, and hsc english speeches, was not exactly user friendly). RSTS/E was to be a small pilot project to absorb the CALL/OS users and attract new ones. Dame School Calendar. 32 people could use it at a time (because it had 32 terminals). Accounts were free. Within a few months of installation, it was already logging nearly ten times the usage that CALL/OS had at its peak [19]. (From Bandit, 6 July 2010) CALL/360 was written for Buck Rogers of IBM by university gameday seven guys who had worked together at GE in Phoenix, then moved to university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, the San Jose Bay Area. They wrote CALL/360 for of alabama a fixed-price, 10 month contract.

I cannot remember everybody, but included Sherbie Gangwere (my father), Charlie Winter, Jim Bell, George Fraine, Don Fry, Dick Hoelnle (sp?) and . Dame. (The last one, I think, is the only one that made it big - he wrote a core network system that got sold off.) Also - Jerry Wienberg, now a famous author, was probably shipped along with the IBM 704. He was sent with the first 10 machines, and taught many how to program it. The primary programming language (like in CALL/OS) was BASIC (another reason why RSTS was chosen over UNIX, which didn't have BASIC), but Fortran and Macro-11 were also available. As I recall, the university of alabama PDP-11/50 cost about $150,000. It occupied a fairly large room (208) in university of notre dame 2016-2017 the Computer Center down the hall from the IBM machine room, and was comprised of four full-width cabinets (CPU, tape drive, communications, I forget what else) and a 92MB RP04 3330-type disk drive, plus a 2K fixed-head drive for swapping (RS04?). I took care of plastic essay writer it myself (backups and university of notre school, all) for maybe a year, then Ben Beecher joined me and later also some part-timers. Ben and I sat in the room with it full-time for of kentucky a couple years. Our terminals were DECwriters (later VT05, VT50, VT52, and finally VT100, and at one point a GE Terminet, that worked and sounded like a bandsaw).

But even without the Terminet, the room was so loud we had to wear airport ear-protectors. Ben was RSTS manager after the DEC-20s came in 1977. Eventually RSTS had a user population of 1700. It was retired in 1982. Jul 1975: The IBM 1410 in the Controller's Office is replaced by an IBM 370/115 [19]. Mid 1970s: Here begins the decline of centralized campus computing. Minicomputers begin to university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, sprout in the departments, encouraged by government grants that would buy equipment but wouldn't pay for central computer time. The Stanford Experiment. (The same trend was evident at other universities; it created the university of notre 2016-2017 need for campus networking, and thus -- since a way was needed to interconnect all these campus networks -- the Internet.) Some of the early departmental minis I remember were the SEL 810B, Applied Physics also had an Imlac graphics processor (which never worked) and several early PDP-8 models for controlling experiments.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, I worked in Applied Physics and used the departmental computers for ohio of kentucky both work and EE/CS projects. The SEL (Systems Engineering Laboratories, later Gould) 810B (1968) was the most advanced, since it had i/o devices and could be programmed in university of notre Fortran and of north charlotte dance, assembly language. It had 16K of memory, 2 registers, Teletype, paper tape, card reader, drum printer, and an oscilloscope-like CRT display for of notre dame calendar graphics; CLICK HERE to see a picture of the quad gameday boots SEL 810A, which is like the 810B but without extra i/o devices. However, its hard disk was not generally used for storing programs or data due to lack of space. Instead, programs were read from cards or paper tape; this required toggling in a bootstrap program on the console switches: a series of 16-bit words was deposited in successive memory locations and then executed to activate the Teletype as the control device, which could be used in turn to activate the card or paper tape reader to read the program. Production programs were generally punched in university 2016-2017 school calendar object format onto paper tape (since the paper tape reader/punch was much faster than the card reader). CLICK HERE to university of north carolina, see the SEL 810B Manual. The PDP-8 computers in the same lab had no Teletype, card reader, or paper tape; they were programmed directly from the console switches and i/o was magtape only. The Physics Department in Pupin Hall had a DEC PDP-4, several PDP-8s, a PDP-9, and a PDP-15; Electrical Engineering had a PDP-7 on the 12th floor of Mudd, that we studied down to the gate level in the 1970s EE/CS Computer Architecture course. (The PDP-7 is also the calendar machine for which the UNIX operating was originally written at memorial church university, Bell Labs in the late 1960s.) The keypunch room was on university of notre dame 2016-2017 the 2nd floor of Engineering Terrace near the university of kentucky back exit, connected by tunnel to university school, the SSIO area. There were often long waits for punches. The 1976 Bulletin [7] also lists:

A DEC PDP-11/45 and avoid plastic bags essay, GT/40 Graphics Computer in Biology (Schermerhorn). A HP 2100 in Chemical Engineering (Prentis). A DG Nova 1220 and 3 DEC PDP-8s in Chemistry (Havemeyer). School Calendar. A DG Super Nova in EE/CS (Mudd). plus various special-purpose computers for Fourier transforms, etc, some of them possibly analog (rather than digital) on campus, as well as all sorts of computing equipment at the outlying campuses (no doubt a tale in itself). 1976: Andy Koenig's RSTS e-mail program, the first e-mail at ohio of kentucky, CU. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Andy was a prominent member of the CUCCA technical staff (reponsible for at plastic bags essay, least APL and PL/I) who went on of notre to Bell Labs and fame with C++. Hsc English. His dad is Dr.

Seymour H. Koenig, who was at Watson Lab from university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, 1952 to avoid bags essay, 1970, and its director from 1967 [9,17]. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. Andy's frequent co-author is Barbaro Moo, also formerly of CUCCA. (Note: it's possible that email was used earlier in within certain departments, notably those (like Biology) that had Unix-based minicomputers, I don't know, but in any case this was the first email available to the general University population.) Nowadays most of the University conducts its business by e-mail, and it has been an enormous productivity booster, eliminating telephone tag, enabling one-to-many messaging, and filling an university of alabama quad gameday boots ever-increasing role in instruction and research. Of Notre Dame School Calendar. As early as 1983 (the 9 Feb 1983 Newsletter, V15#2, is full of allusions to university carolina dance team, this), professors were sending assignments to their classes by e-mail and collecting results the same way, with the added benefit of university dame school questions and answers and other discussions that could not fit in the classroom schedule. Readers who were not exposed to avoid bags essay writer, electronic mail prior to the Internet explosion of the mid-1990s probably won't appreciate how much more useful and dame calendar, pleasant it was before then, even in its original text-only format. Today I typically have several hundred messages waiting for me each morning (after central filtering!), of which 98% are spam, advertisements, promotions, junk mail, get-rich-quick schemes, invitations to Exclusive High-Powered Executive Webcasts and Enterprise Leadership Webinars, chain letters, be-my-friend-and-share-photos, inspirational Powerpoints, strategic partnerships, office humor, world class enterprise solutions, body-part enhancements, business best practices, claim your lottery winnings, claim your inheritance, claim your fund, Dear beloved, I am dying, I don't want you to feel sorry for me, Beloved in Christ, Dear beneficiary, Complements of the season, confidential matter, delinquent accounts, cash grant award, designer watches, investment opportunities, work-at-home opportunities, get your diploma, grow your business, increase your profitability, Dear entrepreneur, Take this five-minute survey, offers from help, soldiers in our many wars who found barrels full of money, I want to place an order with your store, low-interest loans, your account is expired, Viagra, Cialis, lonely hearts, Russian beauties, update your information, bounce notifications about mail you didn't send, and deliberate attempts at implanting viruses (Windows e-mail attachments containing viruses or worms have no effect on my UNIX-based plain-text mail client) -- or security alerts or complaints about university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, all of hsc english these. In the 1970s and 80s, by contrast, practically every e-mail message was legitimate, worth reading, and usually only 1-2K bytes in length, and could not possibly hurt your computer (not strictly true; it was possible to put an escape sequence in school calendar an email message that, if it arrived intact at certain kinds of terminals, could make them automatically transmit any desired text back to the host, but even if you had a terminal that responded to essay, the escape sequence, this rarely could cause any serious demage because an email client would be on the receiving end, not the system command prompt) . Even when e-mail is exchanged between consenting parties, the demands posed by of notre multimedia attachments -- Microsoft Word documents, Powerpoints, spreadsheets, images, audio and video clips, even entire music CDs or motion pictures -- have coerced the University to constantly upgrade its network and mail server capacity, and of course the costs are inevitably passed back to the consumer in the form of tuition or overhead increases and/or cutbacks in death race other areas.

1976: Hot newsletter topics: APL, the Gould plotter, PL/I, SPSS, BMDP, ASP3, Syncsort, Crosstabs with Multipunch. Dec 1976: The Xerox 1200 -- first non-impact printer: a big Xerox machine that printed on plain paper, in portrait or landscape. Plain monospace (Courier) font only; no special effects (other than simulated line-printer-paper stripes). I don't remember exactly where the input came from -- either it had an IBM mainframe channel connection, or else it read from 9-track magnetic tape, but in dame 2016-2017 calendar any case it was possible to print on it from both the essay writer IBM and DEC systems. 1977: (Month?) Because the IBM 360/91 was more suited to scientific calculations and lacked decimal arithmetic, and because of security questions posed by the Open Batch system, which opened it up to the student population, ADP acquires a separate mainframe exclusively for administrative work, an IBM 370/138 located in the Computer Center machine room and running VM/CMS (later to be upgraded to 370/148, 3031 (1979), 3083 (1983), 3090 (1986), etc).

A new Personnel (now we would say Human Resources) system was developed for the 370 in house, and of notre dame school, administrative applications began to migrate from punch cards and avoid essay, batch to interactive online systems [20]. The arrival of the IBM 370 launches an effort to university dame 2016-2017 school, convert administrative applications from memorial stanford address, batch to online, with IBM 3270 block-mode terminals allowing interactive access to administrative systems such as student records, accounts receivable, and so on. Jul 1977: The IBM 370/115 in dame 2016-2017 school calendar the Controller's Office is removed. I believe this was the last outpost of department-level mainframe administrative computing. Jul 1977: The blackout of 1977 . No electricity for two days (July 13-14).

Howard (Eskin) and I were in prison experiment Watson Lab the evening of the university of notre dame 2016-2017 13th working on the floor plan for the 272A Engineering Terrace terminal room when the university quad lights went out. We were also in the middle of university of notre school our first DEC-20 installation, a six-week process (so two lost days were not a disaster). Aug 1977: Our PDP-11/50 was invaded (via modem) by a gang of prep-school kids, who had their way with it undetected for several weeks. This was the first hacker breakin to a Columbia computer from the outside, and it went to court. It cost us nearly a week of round-the-clock systems work and delayed the DEC-20 opening by a week. Later the same group invaded other RSTS systems and even (as I recall) destroyed a cement company in Quebec. The prep school in question had purchased a PDP-11 with RSTS and university, let the students run it without supervision; thus the students had hands-on access and full privileges, with ample opportunity to probe their own system for vulnerabilities, write Trojan-horse replacements for university of notre system software, etc, in-house before attacking external sites, and indeed they did a good job: their modified LOGIN program let them in silently, with full root privileges; the modified accounting programs did not list their sessions; the modified DIRECTORY program did not list their directories or files; the modified SYSTAT program did not show their jobs, and university carolina charlotte dance, so on.

Eventually they tipped their hand by accidentally printing a password list on a public printer, and we tracked them down using methods remarkably similar to dame school calendar, those used by Cliff Stoll 10 years later to catch the German hackers at Berkeley [46] (see 1986-87 below), such as Y-connecting hardcopy terminals to the modems to log dialin sessions. Aug 1977: Our first DECSYSTEM-20, CU20A (PHOTOS), was installed for large-scale timesharing. Accounts were free and help, available to of notre 2016-2017 calendar, all (or maybe there was a one-time $5.00 fee; later, per-semester or per-course fees would be added). Hsc English Speeches Help. It cost 800,000 dollars [19] and university of notre 2016-2017 school, was much larger than the PDP-11, a row of hsc english speeches help double-width orange cabinets about 10 feet long, plus four 178MB RP06 washing-machine-size 3350-type disk drives, but unlike the calendar PDP-11, had little in the way of lights and switches (if you didn't count the PDP-11/40 communications front end hidden inside it). It had 256K 36-bit words of main memory, two 800/1600bpi TU45 tape drives (later TU77, TU78), an university gameday boots LP20 drum printer (mainly for backup listings), and an LA36 system console hardcopy terminal. It also had a DN20 communications processor (PDP-11/34 concealed in orange full-size cabinet) for 2016-2017 remote job entry (see Glossary) to speeches help, the IBM mainframes. Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. CU20A was originally a model 2040, and so it had core memory and no cache; later it was upgraded to a 2050 and then a 2065; the core became MOS and cache was added, memory increased to help, 2MB.

Each user got 35KB (that's KB, not MB or GB) of disk space. The first DEC-20 marked the beginning of the university 2016-2017 calendar online campus in which the computer was used not just for calcalation and programming, but also communication among users and (eventually) with the of alabama gameday boots outside world. The DEC-20 was a member of the DEC's 36-bit PDP-10 line of computers, which descended from the PDP-6, first produced in 1964, and which itself has its roots in the 36-bit IBM 700 series that goes back to 1952. PDP-10s, however, were distinct from of notre 2016-2017, 20s: they had a different operating system (TOPS-10 instead of TOPS-20); they came in a variety of models (KA, KI, KL, KS), whereas DEC-20s came in only KL and KS models; PDP-10s were more suited to hsc english speeches essay help, hands-on lab work, with all sorts of devices and attachments lacking from the -20s such as real-time bus-attached instruments; DECtapes, paper tape, and of notre 2016-2017 calendar, graphics devices; they could be installed in multiprocessor configurations; and university of north carolina charlotte, they were blue rather than orange. University Dame 2016-2017 School. DEC-20s could run TOPS-10 applications in an emulation mode, but not vice versa, and until the plastic bags writer very end, quite a bit of DEC-20 software was indeed native to university of notre dame 2016-2017, TOPS-10 (e.g. the university of north dance team linker and most of the of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar compilers). The DEC-20 pioneered all sorts of the stanford prison experiment death race advanced concepts such as a swappable monitor (kernel), lightweight processes (threads), page mapping, shared pages with copy-on-write, hardware assisted paging, and other techniques to allow large numbers of users access to a limited resource (CLICK HERE for details). Nevertheless, our first DEC-20 was soon loaded far beyond capacity , and the ensuing years were a constant struggle to get funding for more DEC-20s: budget proposals, user meetings (for which, by now, large auditoriums were required), even outdoor campus demonstrations. But DEC-20s were expensive; they demanded copious floor space and dame calendar, air conditioning, as well as 3-phase power with isolated ground (a 10-foot copper stake literally driven into avoid bedrock outside the CUCCA loading dock).

Annual maintenance alone was something like $100,000 per school, machine, and each one carried an additional $10,000 electric bill. Therefore adding DEC-20s was difficult and painful. There were all sorts of revenue-raising schemes and eventually we had 4 of them, CU20A through CU20D, serving 6000 users, up to 70 or 80 logged in simultaneously on each. Additional DEC-20s for instruction and research were installed at Teachers College and in the Computer Science department. DEC-20s were fairly reliable for of alabama quad their day. Unlike the IBM mainframe with its scheduled two-hour nightly System Time, the DEC-20s were kept running and available all the time except for a couple hours (usually outside of prime time) every week or two for preventive maintenance by calendar DEC Field Service. But by hsc english today's standards they crashed frequently anyway, usually because of power glitches; so often, in fact that somebody had a batch of %DECSYSTEM-20 NOT RUNNING T-shirts made up (this was the dying gasp of the university of notre dame calendar DEC-20 as it went down). Whenever a DEC-20 was up for more than 100 hours, people became quite excited. The record was just shy of 800 hours (about a month); MTBF was under 100 hours (4 days). By comparison, today (8 Feb 2001) I have an prison experiment death race HP workstation in my office that has been up continuously for 883 days (that's more than 21,000 hours), despite numerous brownouts and momentary power failures, and that's without a UPS (eventually its running streak was interrupted at 900-some days when electricians needed to shut off power to the floor to replace the circuit-breaker panel).

For lots more about the Columbia DEC-20s, CLICK HERE. (The Gandalf PACX IV terminal switch was installed around here somewhere. Prior to university of notre dame calendar, that terminals were hardwired using various forgotten technologies like 20mA Current Loop. The PACX was a speed-transparent 1000x1000 switch, driven by little blue PACX boxes on the user end, with thumbwheels to dial the desired service and an on/off switch.) 1977-78: Use of of north carolina charlotte dance e-mail takes off. Also video editing (EMACS, etc), text formatting and typesetting (Pub, Scribe, later T E X). In April 1978, we (Bill Catchings) write a bboard (bulletin board) program, a kind of precursor to Netnews, Twitter, etc, where everybody on campus could sound off in public. Various bboards were available, including course-specific boards, topical boards, and a general (any topic) board, and were unmoderated and uncensored.

CLICK HERE for a study of 2016-2017 Columbia's computer bulletin boards in the early 1980s. EMACS, by the way, was created at the MIT AI Lab on prison experiment death a PDP-10 running MIT's Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) by Richard Stallman, building upon the venerable Text Editor and COrrector, TECO, written in 2016-2017 1962-63 for the stanford experiment death the DEC PDP-1 by Dan Murphy, who was also largely responsible for TOPS-20, the university 2016-2017 school calendar operating system on our DECSYSTEM-20s. I first used TECO in of kentucky 1972 on of notre 2016-2017 a PDP-11/20 with the DOS/Batch operating, at university quad, the Teletype console. Dame 2016-2017 School. The first release of EMACS was in 1976 and memorial church university address, we were using it at of notre dame calendar, Columbia on university CU20A by dame 2016-2017 school calendar 1977. Columbia's systems group made numerous contributions to speeches, EMACS; for university of notre 2016-2017 calendar example, Chris Ryland added split-screen editing. In the 1980s EMACS would be completely rewritten in LISP, to become the university of alabama quad boots now-universal GNU EMACS, one of the most prominent surviving relics of the heyday of the DEC 36-bit mainframes. Jan 1978: The 272A Engineering Terrace terminal room opens (V10#2). This was the of notre 2016-2017 school calendar first public terminal room outside the Computer Center building. The Columbia architects had a field day, decorating it in bilious hot pink like a bordello, with trendy globe lighting. (The April Fools 1978 issue of the Newsletter (V10#5) presents the coveted Louis XVI Alive with the Arts award to the Department of Buildings and Grounds [now Facilities Management] for their exceptional work in recreating the atmosphere of an 18th century French palace. . Avoid Plastic Bags Essay Writer. Columbia's resident architect was entreated to comment on the bizarre appearance of the new terminal room. ) Notwithstanding the dame school calendar decor, the room was laid out according to our floorplan (Howard Eskin and I designed it), divided into the stanford prison death race cubicles about 4 feet high so people would have privacy when sitting, but could stand up to chat and hand things back and forth. There was a common area where people could congregate, and a glassed-in machine room containing a DN200 and a Printronix heavy-duty dot-matrix printer.

Each cubicle had a terminal and a spacious working surface for university school books and stanford university, papers and its own reading light. Large cubicles had LA36 DECwriters (hard-copy 132-column dot-matrix printers operating at 30 cps on pin-feed green-and-white striped fanfold paper) and the smaller ones had Perkin-Elmer Fox-1100 CRTs operating at 9600 bps (this was the first affordable CRT, costing about $500, compared to most others that cost a thousand dollars and up). Each cubicle also had a PACX box to let users select the service they wanted to use (DEC-20, RSTS, Wylbur). Eventually the lab was re-architected, expanded, and university of notre 2016-2017, . University Of North Carolina Dance Team. . . REDECORATED. Too bad if you missed it (does anybody have a color photo of the university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar original?) Mar 1978: APL conversion from IBM to DEC-20 was a big topic for many months. Special terminals (Datamedia APL with APL keyboard, later Concept/APL) had to be installed for APL users. Gameday Boots. To further encourage IBM to dame 2016-2017 school calendar, DEC migration, I wrote a mini-Wylbur (Otto) for the DEC-20; Joel and his brother worked on a full Wylbur implementation for some time but it's not done yet. Apr 1978: The CUCCA Telephone Directory and Consulting Schedule.

As you can see there were 100 full-timers on staff: academic computing, administrative computing, librarians, administrative staff, data communications, machine room operators, and management. Compared to 15 in essay 1965 and over 300 in of notre school 2010. Note too that in those days the technical staff helped users in person in three locations (two in SSIO, one in Mudd) and at other times they answered calls from users on their own phones no call processing, no screening, no trouble tickets, no hiding behind web pages, no bureacracy. UI's were students working part-time; anything they couldn't handle would be passed along to full-timers in User Services or Systems. Many of the UI's listed on the schedule went on to become full timers and some even managers. (Consulting schedule by Dave Millman, printed on the Diablo daisy-wheel printer.) 1 May 1978: The first spam (junk commercial) e-mail was sent 1 May 1978 1233-EDT from avoid essay, DEC-MARLBORO.ARPA (a DEC-20) to of notre dame school, all ARPANET contacts, whose e-mail addresses were harvested from the WHOIS database, advertising new DEC-20 models. University Of Alabama Gameday. More about this HERE. May 1978: OS/360 21.8 (which was released by dame school calendar IBM in 1970) installed on the IBM 360/91.

Eight years in the making! The ex-CUCC systems people who defected to memorial stanford university address, CUNY had to come back and teach nightly classes on OS/360 and what they had done to university of notre dame, it (many things, including over 200 modifications for accounting and resource-limitation purposes) before their replacements could bring up the new release without fear of losing something vital. May 1978: Tektronix 4010 graphics a big topic in the newlsetters. (Somewhere put the succession of User Services managers: Tom D'Auria, Bob Resnikoff, Bruce Tetelman, Tom Chow, Mark Kennedy, Maurice Matiz, Rob Cartolano, Jeff Eldredge, I know I must be leaving somebody out. ) and SSIO (Marianne Clarke, Lois Dorman, Chris Gianone, . ) and prison death race, Systems Assurance (later Data Communications: Rich Nelson, Seung-il Choe, Wolfie, . ) and CUCCA business managers (Peter Bujara, Neil Sachnoff, Patty Peters, Bob Bingham, Julie Lai. ) About User Services, Maurice Matiz adds: User Services existed only up to early in my era. University Of Notre. After Vace's appointment and my appointment (I believe the only two managerial and higher level appointments that required a trying and memorial university, complete interview by the whole University occurred in late 1989) did the groups that now define AcIS get created except that User Services comprised three groups. User Services stayed until Jeff Eldrege's group was spun out of my group, which had grown to dame school calendar, over 25 people, in late 1994. (My diagramed proposal is dated 11/28/94.) At that time we changed names. Jeff's group became the stanford university Support Center and my group was renamed Academic Technologies. Also spun out at the time was what became EDS to report to university 2016-2017 calendar, Walter Bourne. Dec 1978: First mention of avoid plastic essay UNIX by CUCCA in public (referring to the BSTJ UNIX issue [15]). V10#18.

1979: The Computer Science Department was created as a separate entity (previously it was part of the EE Dept) with Joseph Traub from CMU as Chair, and a $200,000 donation from IBM. Joe had been a Watson Fellow in Applied Mathematics in 1958-59 [9]. The Computer Science Building was constructed 1981-83 [12]. Before long a DECSYSTEM-20, several VAX-11/750s, and numerous workstations (early Suns and others) would be installed in the new CS facility. Jan 1979: Public terminals were available in university dame calendar SSIO (20), 272A Engineering Terrace (14), Furnald Lobby (4), 224 Butler (4), and plastic writer, Hartley Lobby (4). V11#2. Systems Assurance staff (Bob Galanos) would make the university dame 2016-2017 rounds on university vs university a daily basis to fix broken terminals, usually by replacing fuses taken out by students to reserve terminals for their own use. Feb 1979: Scribe, Diablo, printwheel lore dominates the Newsletter. Big business in printwheels.

The Diablo was a typewriter-like terminal with a daisy-wheel print mechanism capable of dame 2016-2017 school calendar proportional spacing, superscripts and subscripts, and even boldface (by doublestriking) and italics (by swapping printwheels). The CUCCA newsletter was printed on the Diablo for ohio university vs university some years, and of notre school calendar, Diablos were deployed in public areas for users. Scribe included a Diablo driver, which produced .POD (Prince Of Darkness) files for carolina team it, and university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, we wrote software to memorial, spool these files to the Diablo itself, allowing pauses to change paper or printwheels. Printwheels were available in of notre dame 2016-2017 school a variety of hsc english speeches fonts and alphabets, but weren't cheap ($98 springs to mind). Aug 1979: COMND JSYS package written for SAIL (so we could write user-friendly programs for the DEC-20 in a high-level language). Andy Lowry and David Millman. Sep 1979: HP2621 industrial-strength video terminals installed in of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar Mudd and elsewhere, including a new lab in Carman Hall. Prison Race. This was the face of CUCCA to our users; many of them thought the DEC-20s were made by HP.

These are monochrome text terminals with good editing capabilties (for EMACS) and solidly built. Some had built-in thermal printers. A few units are still to be found here in good working order. 1979-80: Chris Ryland and I write a 200-plus-page guide to DEC-20 assembly-language programming. We were thinking of turning it into a book but Ralph Gorin of Stanford University beat us to it. 1980: Instructional computing capacity badly needs expansion. At this point, CUCCA has three instructional systems: the IBM 360/91 Open Batch system (soon to university, be retired), the PDP-11/50 (fully saturated), and a single DECSYSTEM-20, CU20A, which is in constant demand and heavily overburdened. There is much gathering of statistics to understand usage patterns. In response to student and faculty demands, the Collery Committee (Arnold Collery was Dean of Columbia College) was appointed to make recommendations.

The instructional computers were overloaded, but why? Was the new usage real or frivolous? A witch-hunt was launched against text processing (preparing papers on the computer, sending e-mail, etc). Some prominent faculty advocated banning it (this never came to pass; CUCCA opposed it vigorously). CPU and connect-time limits were to be instituted. Fees were to be increased. Various disincentives would be established against avoid plastic bags essay writer using the computers during prime time. The tug of war between demand and resources is a persistent theme in academic computing. There has never been, and probably never will be, a clear linkage between demand and supply.

Whenever resources (such as computer time, disk space, modems, network bandwidth) become scarce, as they always do, funding for expansion does not flow automatically (nor should it). First there is a demand for a precise accounting of how, for what, and by whom the current resources are being consumed, the gathering of which in university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar turn taxes the resources still futher. Ohio University Vs University. Once the information is obtained, demands to flush out school calendar inappropriate use -- whose definition varies with the times (e.g. network capacity versus Napster in 2000) -- quickly follow. Of course instructional computing on the DEC-20s was true to this pattern. CU20A drove itself near to melting by accounting for itself. And then complicated limits were imposed on CPU time, connect time, and every other imaginable resource (using locally written software) until the interactive computing experience was surpassingly unpleasant for everyone: students, faculty, and staff alike. Relief was still more than a year away. One of the measures taken to alleviate the load on CU20A was to abolish the the stanford prison race free perpetual student user IDs and replace them with class-related IDs that lasted only for the duration of each course. While this ensured that the DEC-20 was used only for of notre dame school calendar legitimate purposes, it also made it impossible for students to build up a corpus of tools and information they could use throughout their Columbia experience. A series of discussions took place throughout 1980 exploring different possibilites for providing students with some form of of alabama quad gameday self-service, inexpensive, removeable media. The result was Kermit . Jan 1980: CUCCA announces its intention to connect to ARPANET, V12#1 (but without any firm prospects of doing so, since in university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar those days the only entree was a big Defense Department grant, which we didn't have and didn't want).

In the meantime, however, staff (but not end-users) had access through our DECnet link to COLUMBIA-20.ARPA , the Computer Science DEC-20 (July 1983), and prior to university of north carolina, that by dialup to calendar, the NYU Elf and guest accounts at Rutgers, Harvard, Stanford, CMU and elsewhere. Avoid Bags Writer. The ARPANET was important, among other reaons, because it was how DECsystem-10 and DECSYSTEM-20 software developers could work together (by email) and share code (by FTP), and this was the beginning of the open software movement . It is of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar important to recall that in those days we were paid to develop and university dance team, share software. Nowadays most open (free) software is university of notre dame 2016-2017 created by unpaid volunteers . Feb 1980: DECnet first operational (between CU20A and the DN200 in Mudd). Feb 1980: The DEC-20 MM (Mail Manager) e-mail program becomes popular (V12#2). This is a good example of software created by professional staff or graduate students at PDP-10 and DEC-20 sites on the ARPANET (Stanford in this case) and freely shared with other sites. Other examples of the era included the ISPELL spelling checker and corrector (also from Stanford), the EMACS text editor from MIT, the SCRIBE text formatting and of alabama quad gameday, typesetting system from CMU (which later became commercial) and TeX from university 2016-2017 school, Stanford, the Bliss-10 programming language from CMU, the SAIL programming language from Stanford, the PASCAL compiler from Rutgers, the SITGO instructional FORTRAN package from Stevens Institute of of alabama quad boots Technology, various LISP systems from university of notre dame, different places, and of alabama quad, KERMIT communications software from Columbia. In fact, each place contributed bits and pieces to 2016-2017 school calendar, most of these packages so most of them were truly cooperative efforts. MM was used almost universally at Columbia for E-mail from 1980 until about 1995, with usage trailing off thereafter as Windows and the Web took over from text-based computer access.

When the DEC-20 line was cancelled, we wrote a new MM program in C for Unix which again, in the sharing spirit, was made available on the ARPANET (later Internet) and adopted by many other sites worldwide as they migrated from TOPS-20 to Unix. MM survives even into the 2010s (details). Jun 1980: We were considering joining TELENET and TYMNET (commercial X.3/X.25 based networks) but never did; it was way too expensive [1]. These were strictly terminal-to-host networks, but would have allowed travellers to essay help, dial up with a local call from almost anywhere in university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar the USA or Canada, and conceivably could have taken the place of in-house modem pools. Oct 1980: Second DEC-20 installed, CU20B , for the stanford death race use by funded researchers and staff only; to be paid for of notre dame out of income, since the budget request for speeches a second instructional DEC-20 had been denied, again, even though the first one was seriously overloaded, and despite vocal support from of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, students and faculty (and us of course). Experiment Death Race. CU20B removed considerable load from CU20A and bought us some time until we finally were able to dame 2016-2017 calendar, expand the instructional resources a year later with CU20C. (In fact, for a short period, we were able to avoid plastic bags essay, put some students on CU20B, in their own partition, isolated from the paying users.) There was no common file system yet; communication wth CU20A was via DECnet (NFT for file transfer; home-grown mail, print, finger servers and clients, etc). Nov 1980: The IBM 360/91/75 is retired , replaced by two IBM 4331s (PHOTO), CUVMA and CUVMB.

These are featureless boxes that are (as you might expect) more compact and cheaper to run than the 360/91 (and lower too, so you can use them as coffee tables), and they had a new operating system, VM/CMS, which allowed Virtual Machines (VM) to run other operating systems on the same machine, thus keeping our old applications afloat. VM was perceived initially as a niche product, but it has proven remarkably persistent. The 360/91 was so big it had to be cut up with chainsaws to get it out of the building. The Gordian knot of university dame 2016-2017 school calendar cabling under the floor was unceremoniously disposed of with giant cable snippers the size of posthole diggers. The computer chunks were trucked away and thrown into acid baths to extract the gold. Only the 360/91 console was spared. University Charlotte. We had it moved to university dame, the lobby of Watson Laboratory and prison experiment race, arranged to donate it to the now-defunct Computer Museum in Massachusetts, but it took a year and a half for them to pick it up. In the interim, bits and pieces were removed by passersby as souvenirs. 2016-2017. (More about this in the June 1982 entry.) 1981-82 ADP takes over the remaining pockets of university dance team decentralized administrative computing: the student systems in Philosophy Hall and the financial and payroll systems in Hogan Hall, and to some extent also the Health Sciences campus. Jan 1981: Superbrains arrive. The Intertec Superbrain had been chosen as the first microcomputer we would deploy publicly, despite its embarrassing name, because its solid single-piece construction made it virtually user-proof, and university 2016-2017 calendar, it did indeed stand up to years of (ab)use.

It ran CP/M 2.2, an 8-bit (64K) operating system. Apr 1981: Bill Catchings and I design the basic Kermit protocol. The first Kermit protocol transfer took place on April 29th on a loopback connection between two serial ports on CU20B. CLICK HERE for more about the history of Kermit, and HERE to visit the Kermit website, where THIS PAGE provides an overview. Kermit Project document archive at the Computer History Museum [catalog]. Kermit Project Oral History Transcripts at the Computer History Museum HERE and HERE. May 1981: I talk J. Ray Scott of Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, PA, into installing a leased line between Columbia and CMU and joining our two campuses by quad DECnet (at least that's how I remember it). CU and CMU informally but effectively merge their DEC-20 systems staffs and run common customized applications and subsystems (esp. the GALAXY spooling system, which we modified to university of notre calendar, allow printer sharing among multiple DEC-20s and spooling to ohio, the Xerox 9700).

Soon the university of notre school calendar network, called CCNET , expanded to several other universities, notably Stevens Institute of of alabama gameday boots Technology in university school Hoboken, NJ, which played an important role in the development of vs university Kermit protocol and software until 1987, and produced Kermit programs for DEC's VMS, TOPS-10, and of notre dame calendar, P/OS operating systems. Jun 1981: CP/M-80 Kermit for the 8-bit Superbrain: Bill Catchings (later, in 1983, Bill also wrote CP/M-86 Kermit for the 16-bit version of CP/M). Shortly after this, the Superbrain was deployed in Mudd. University Carolina. It had no applications to speak of besides Kermit, which was used by university of notre dame 2016-2017 students to archive their DEC-20 files onto floppy disks (the purpose for which was Kermit developed). Memorial University Address. Floppy disks (the then-modern 5.25 ones, not the frisbee-sized ones used on other CP/M micros) for the Superbrain were sold in SSIO, $6.00 each (!). Later, but before 16-bit micros like the university dame 2016-2017 school IBM PC appeared, we set up (in Watson Lab) a network of the stanford Superbrains sharing a hard disk, with an EMACS-like editor called MINCE and dame 2016-2017 school, a Scribe-like text formatter called Sribble. For a short time it was our most impressive demonstration of personal / workgroup desktop computing. (MINCE later became Epsilon and hsc english speeches essay, was popular for dame 2016-2017 calendar some years on DOS PCs.) 12 Aug 1981: The 16-bit IBM PC was announced; the Columbia Computer Center orders 20 of hsc english speeches help them on Day One, sight unseen. The IBM logo makes all the difference.

About half of them go to dame calendar, high-profile faculty (who immediately want them to be able to communicate with our central IBM and DEC mainframes; hence MS-DOS Kermit). The original PC had a monochrome monitor (color optional), one or two 160K floppy disks, a small amount of memory (anywhere from 16K to 256K), two RS-232 serial interfaces, no hard disk, no networking. It ran at plastic essay, 4.77MHz, had BASIC built into its ROM (which could be used without an OS or disk), and ran DOS 1.0, the minimalistic 16-bit disk operating system that made Microsoft's fortune. Within a short amount of dame 2016-2017 time, it had become the computer that would dominate the rest of the century and beyond, and spread over the campus like wildfire. Memorial Address. But it still took some years for dame the PC to wipe out the VAXes and PDP-11s in the departments. Up through the early 90s there were still dozens of of alabama quad VAX/VMS installations; entire departments and schools (such as Columbia College) ran on them, with VT100 terminals or DEC word processors (PDP-8 based DECmates) on their desktops. The PC has been a mixed blessing. Untold numbers of people-hours have been lost forever to tinkering -- this slot, that bus; expanded memory, enhanced memory, extended memory. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. . Plastic Essay Writer. . University Of Notre School. Blue Screens Of Death, rebooting, reinstalling the operating system, searching for adapters, hunting for drivers, installing OS and driver upgrades, resolving interrupt conflicts, partitioning disks, backing up disks, adding new devices, configuring networks, fighting application and ohio, OS bugs, hunting for patches, fighting viruses, and on and on. Previously this kind of thing was done by a small central full-time professional staff but now it is done by everybody, all the time, at incalculable cost to university 2016-2017, productivity and progress.

Plus how many PC users really back up their hard disks? Not many in my experience, and it is not uncommon for ohio vs university important un-backed-up files to be lost in a disk crash or similar disaster, thus negating weeks, months, or years of work. ON THE PLUS SIDE, however, . . . (? ? ?) My personal theory is that IBM never expected the PC to be so successful. It was thrown together in a rush by a small group (not at university dame school, Watson Laboratory!) from off-the-shelf components in an effort to get a foothold in the fast-growing microcomputer market. Bags Writer. This was not IBM's first personal computer. University Of Notre 2016-2017 Calendar. Besides the 1956 Auto-Point Computer (personal but by no means desktop), IBM had also tried and failed with the 5100 and avoid plastic bags, the CS-9000 in the 1970s and early 80s, both personal desktop models (we had some 5100s here; the CS-9000 was targeted at university 2016-2017 school, chemical engineering applications as I recall, and ohio of kentucky, had a special control panel and interfaces for of notre dame 2016-2017 school instruments, but included a 32-bit CPU and modern programming languages like Pascal, and could easily have been the high-end workstation of the early 1980s).

According to a reliable source, IBM originally wanted the of north team PC to have a Motorola 68000 CPU (which had a simple, flat 32-bit address space) like the university of notre school calendar CS-9000, but could not get such a product to market in time, so settled for the Intel 8088, a 16-bit segmented architecture with 8-bit data paths. Memorial Stanford University Address. Worse, it had a primitive 16-line interrupt controller, which severely limited the 2016-2017 number of ohio devices that could be on university of notre school calendar the bus. The rest is history. I believe that if IBM had known that the of alabama gameday PC would dominate the of notre school next two, three, four, or more decades, it would have invested more time, money, and thought in the original design. (Obviously the situation is memorial address better in the 21st Century. Most of the early kinks have been ironed out.

PCs are cheap and of notre calendar, reliable. Any quirks of the architecture are well-hidden from end users, and USB makes life immeasurably better when devices need to be attached. With Windows the dominant operating system, the main problems now are performance bloated OS and applications and security. And stability.) Oct 1981: CU20C arrives: a second DECSYSTEM-20 student timesharing system to supplement CU20A. Still no common file system; each DEC-20 was a relatively separate world, but at least they were connected by DECnet. The Stanford Death. If you had a student user ID, it was on one or the other, not both. Dec 1981: HP plotter supplies (personal ink cartridges, etc) were a hot topic in the newsletter.

The HP pen plotters installed in Mudd (and SSIO?) came in 4- and 8-color models, and there was a wide variety of software for university of notre them, including DISSPLA/TEL-A-GRAF on the DEC-20s and SAS/GRAPH and hsc english help, SPSS on the IBM mainframes that could make 3D plots with hidden-line elimination, fancy fonts, etc. They were totally mechanical: pen and ink on paper, and could produce beautiful line drawings. Jan 1982: J. Ray Scott, Director of the Carnegie-Mellon University Computation Center, writes an 2016-2017 school article in the CUCCA Newsletter (V14#1) describing the CCNET connection between Columbia and CMU, and CMU's facilities (including an ARPANET gateeway and hsc english essay help, various compilers and applications that had not been licensed at Columbia). In the first example of network-based inter-university resource sharing at Columbia, CU users were invited to apply for user IDs on the CMU systems. Feb 1982: The IBM 3850 Mass Storage System (MSS) was installed (for the university of notre 2016-2017 1980 Census) - 102.2 GB. The MSS was gigantic in every sense, covering most of the university of alabama gameday boots South wall of the university of notre 2016-2017 calendar machine room.

Essentially it was a big honeycomb, each cell holding a cartridge (PHOTO) that resembles an M-79 rifle grenade (sorry, it does) containing a winding of 2.7-inch-wide magtape with a capacity of 50MB. A mechanical hand comes and extracts the cartridge and carries it to a reader, which removes the shell, and unwinds the tape and copies it to one of four staging disks; then the tape is re-wound, the shell replaced, and the cartridge returned to its cell. All this was transparent to the user; the MSS looked like a 3330 disk drive to plastic essay, user-mode software. 2016-2017 School. The disks acted as a cache, so if your file was already on the disk, the little mechanical man didn't need to go get the cartridge. Speeches Help. (Before the MSS, we had an IBM 2321 Data Cell Drive, which worked in a similar way, except instead of cartridges, it used flat strips of tape that were much harder for the little men to university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, handle, so the the stanford prison death tape strips were easily mangled.) Like the 360/91, there were only a few MSS devices in the world. The MSS cost about of notre 2016-2017 calendar, a million dollars, but Columbia got its MSS in of alabama an IBM grant. In return, Columbia would add support for it to IBM's VM operating system (in particular, it would add windowing and lookahead features to reduce cylinder faults and redundant cartridge fetches, and dame 2016-2017, thus speed up sequential access; this was done by Bob Resnikoff of the Computer Center and Ates Dagli of the Center for memorial Social Sciences (CSS)). CSS was responsible for loading the census data (which came on endless reels of school 9-track magtape) and for of north charlotte team arranging access to it from within Columbia and from outside (V14#16).

When the grant expired, Columbia was able to purchase the MSS at a steep discount. Feb 1982: Hot Newsletter topic: submitting IBM batch jobs from the DEC-20 via HASP/RJE. CU20B was connected to the IBM mainframe communications front end (COMTEN) through its own PDP-11 DN20 front end (a full cabinet), which emulated an Remote Job Entry station, i.e. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. a card reader for sending data to the mainframe in ohio vs university of kentucky form of card images, and a line printer for university dame school calendar receiving data from the memorial church address mainframe in the form of print jobs, but using DEC-20 disk files instead of cards and paper. University Dame Calendar. The CUCCA systems group developed user-friendly programs for submitting batch jobs to the VM systems from the DEC-20 and retrieving the church university address results. These were later to form the basis of the DEC-20/BITNET mail gateway. Mar 1982: RSTS/E retired; RSTS users migrated to DEC-20s, V14#1. The PDP-11/50 was traded for another badly needed RP06 disk drive for university of notre dame school our DEC-20s [1]. Prison. The PDP-11 with RSTS/E was our first experiment in campuswide public timesharing and it was an unqualified success. Apr 1982: BITNET announced (Vace, V14#5). This was a network of IBM mainframes based on RSCS (basically, card reader / line printer simulation) protocols, originating with Ira Fuchs at CUNY, formerly of Watson Lab, and university dame calendar, rapidly spreading to universities all over the world, lasting through the late 1990s, now remembered mainly for LISTSERV (a distributed automated mailing-list management system).

Early members included CUNY, Columbia, Yale, Brown, Princeton, the U of Maine, Penn State, the NJ Educational Network, Boston U, and university of north carolina, Cornell University (DIAGRAM). Columbia got the CU prefix (CUVMA, CUVMB), much to the chagrin of C ornell U niversity (CORNELLA, . ) Would this be the first instance of domain name hijacking ? :-) (Twenty years later, the Cornell and Columbia teaching hospitals would merge to form New York Presbyterian Hospital; evidently Cornell and Columbia were omitted from the name so that neither one would have to follow the other.) Apr 1982: IBM Mainframe VM/CMS Kermit (Daphne Tzoar). This passed through a number a hands since the initial release, some of which prefer to remain anonymous, and has been cared for by Dr. Dame School. John Chandler at the Harvard/Smithsonian Astronomical Observatory since about 1990; John made it portable to prison race, the other important IBM mainframe OS's: MVS/TSO, CICS, and MUSIC, and added support for university dame 2016-2017 school calendar conversion between the many IBM EBCDIC Country Extended Code Pages and ISO standard character sets, allowing cross-platform transfer of text in many languages. May 1982: Support was added to our e-mail client and server software to take advantage of hsc english essay our new CCNET and BITNET connections, and the first inter-campus e-mail began to flow, limited at first to just a handful of university 2016-2017 school universities, but growing rapidly as CCNET and university, BITNET nodes are added, and gateways from university of notre dame school calendar, them to ARPANET, CSNET, and other networks. The Stanford Prison Experiment Death. CCNET mail delivery was accomplished by direct real-time DECnet connections; BITNET mail was transported via our HASP/RJE Spooler.

Our three DEC-20s used their DECnet connections for mail amongst themselves, as well as with other campus machines and university school calendar, the wider CCNET. CU20A and CU20C and university of north carolina dance team, other campus DECnet nodes sent BITNET mail by relaying it over 2016-2017 school calendar, DECnet to of alabama boots, CU20B's RJE system. In those days, e-mail addresses had to include a top-level domain that indicated the network, e.g. USER@HOST.ARPA , USER@HOST.BITNET , USER@HOST.CCNET , etc. Even trickier was the dame 2016-2017 school calendar source routing used in Usenet (in those days, a network of UNIX machines that dialed each other up with UUCP periodically to exchange files and the stanford experiment race, mail) and university dame 2016-2017 calendar, some others, and/or to mail to somebody who was on a network that your host wasn't on, through a relay that was on both nets. In such cases you had to know the entire route and the syntax tricks to the stanford race, traverse each branch of it, and often multiple relays. Here are some examples from the of notre dame calendar 1980s Kermit mailing list archive: The last one is broken into two lines for readability; it's really one line.

To get a good feel for the stanford prison experiment death race the proliferation of networks and the tricks of navigating amongst them in the days before the university of notre 2016-2017 calendar Internet swept all else away, see John Quarterman's book, The Matrix [55] Jun 1982: CU20D , our third and final instructional DEC-20, was installed. Jun 1982: Our by-now vandalized IBM 360/91 console goes to the Computer Museum at essay, DEC's MR-01 (or MR-02?) building in Marlboro, Massachusetts, after awaiting pickup for university dame school 18 months. It was displayed prominently inside the main entrance in a big, tastefully illuminated glass case near the PDP-1. Shortly thereafter, the collection was transferred to the Boston Science Museum (now the of north carolina charlotte dance Museum of university of notre 2016-2017 Science), which changed its focus.

Most of the the stanford prison experiment race computing artifacts went to the Computer History Museum, temporarily located at Moffett Field, California (an Air Force base, where the 360/91 console sat in deep storage for many years before being transferred in of notre 2016-2017 school about 2001 to deep storage at the Computer History Museum's new site in Mountain View, California). Jul 1982: An Imagen laser printer was installed in Watson; our first laser printer and our first printer capable of true typesetting . Memorial Stanford. Soft fonts, 100 dpi I think, Impress language (a precursor of PostScript), Ethernet-connected. It was only for internal CUCCA use (production of Newsletter and handouts, etc). Aug 1982: The Xerox 9700 (PHOTO) [announced by university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar Xerox in 1977] arrived, replacing the Xerox 1200 after some overlap (V15#1). The 9700 offered the first typesetting to the Columbia community at large, as well as high-volume, high-speed plain-text printing. This room-sized 300dpi Xerographic laser printer was installed in the back of the first floor of Watson Lab (the present mail and network rooms) due to lack of space in university of alabama gameday the Computer Center, and dame 2016-2017 school calendar, it definitely needed the space. Church Stanford. It printed 2 pages per second, could handle duplex, portrait/landscape, 2-up, 4-up, etc, had Courier (fixed) and Helvetica and university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, Times Roman (proportional) fonts, with italic and bold styles and selectable sizes. Formatting was done by Scribe and death, other packages and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, spooled to experiment death race, 9-track magnetic tapes that were delivered to Watson every evening and 2016-2017 school calendar, printed overnight. Xerox 9700 printing was available to all users (students, faculty, staff, outside paid accounts) on all the DEC-20s and IBM mainframe systems. The DEC-20 Xerox 9700 spooling software (PRINT /UNIT:X9700) was developed jointly by the combined CUCCA-CMU Systems Groups over CCNET.

Even after more sophisticated typesetting methods became available, the X9700 remained in service as a high-volume printer; nothing else could push paper quite like it. To this day, I think Controllers and Rolmphone statements are still printed on a 9700 at a service bureau.) Sep 1982: VMM announced (e-mail for university carolina team the IBM mainframe: MM for university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar VM, Joel and then Vace). Sep 1982: First campus network between academic departments (not counting Remote Job Entry stations): CUCCA-Chemistry, DECnet over plastic writer, synchronous modems (V14#12). By this time Chemistry had a VAX-11/780 and university dame 2016-2017 calendar, some smaller VAXes. Sep 1982: TOPS-20 V5 installed on the CUCCA DEC-20s, featuring extended addressing (32 256KW sections = 36MB, instead of only one section), a new multiforking Exec (what we would now call job control), and a programming language for the Exec (CMU's PCL, what we would now call shell scripts. see example). Oct 1982: About here we were looking into gameday boots getting the AP Newswire online.

Columbia's School of Journalism had a Teletype with news stories coming out continuously. The plan was to feed this into one of our DEC-20s and make a BBoard out of it, with a rather rapid expiration of articles given the limited disk storage. But there were licensing and bureaucratic impediments so it never came to of notre school calendar, pass. About 1990, Columbia bought a subscription to ClariNews (in which the various news services are funneled to Usenet newsgroups). Ohio University Vs University Of Kentucky. This lasted until 2003, by which time the Web had long since rendered it redundant. Nov 1982: The CUCCA Terminal and Plotter User Manual [14] was published, full of photos and of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, detailed instructions on using the equipment in our public areas. CLICK HERE to see a sampling of video terminals; note the charlotte dance accompanying PACX boxes. NOW ON LINE in searchable PDF format. This was printed on our new Xerox 9700, one of the first laser printers capable of typesetting; it had two fonts, Helvetica and Courier. The manual itself should interesting to those who harbor a burning curiosity over every minute detail in the life of President Obama , since the equipment described here is what he must have used when he was a Columbia student 1981-83, because there wasn't anything else.

Check, for example, this article he wrote in Sundial Magazine, March 10, 1983. I suspect he composed it on the DEC-20, perhaps in EMACS, seated at one of the terminals in our terminal rooms; for example, the HP-2621s in of notre dame 2016-2017 school Carman Hall. When it was ready, he might well have emailed it to the Sundail editor with MM. Hsc English Speeches. Just a guess! Nov 1982: DECSYSTEM-20 Pocket Guide (click for PDF of the whole thing). The DEC-20 was an enormously powerful and useful computing system, yet it was simple enought that we could publish an accordion-fold pocket guide to just about all that it had to offer. This 1982 edition was created with TeX, and the Columbia Crown with Metafont. The master was printed on of notre calendar our new Imagen Laser Printer and the printing and folding done at the Columbia print shop.

It was given out free to all comers (thousands of them). Dec 1982: The Teachers College DEC-20 connects to the campus DECnet. 1983-1986: Every Newsletter issue announces new BITNET and essay help, DECnet nodes. Jan 1983 20th Anniversary of the Computer Center . CLICK HERE to see a collage of machine-room items prepared for the commemorative poster. The commemorative frisbee is at Computer History Museum. 1 Jan 1983: The ARPANET switches from its original protocol, NCP, to school, TCP/IP. Prior to TCP/IP, the ARPANET was a private club with membership restricted defense contractors.

The fact that some of the defense contractors were also some of the university of north top engineering and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, computer science universities (MIT, Stanford, CMU, etc) led to a lot of pressure from the non-military segment for more open access, and to a new design for the network itself. TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) was the of north carolina charlotte dance result. Where ARPANET was a network of computers, TCP/IP provided for a network of networks ; that is, an Internet. Thus when the cutover took place, all the computers at a given university (say, MIT), could be on the net, not just the ones used for defense research. In this way the network was opened up, and the requirement for calendar a defense contract for membership no longer made sense. Numerous networks such CSNET, NSFNET, and SPAN, were connected. Bags Essay Writer. Columbia University as a whole got on the net in 1984 by of notre dame 2016-2017 school virtue of its connection with NSF and over the next 15 years, the university of kentucky network grew to school calendar, cover the entire planet and membership was open to all. Jan 1983 The Purchasing Office moves out of the gameday Watson building and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, the space is occupied by ADP; now, 13 years after IBM left it, the Watson Lab building is 100% Computer Center and would remain that way until 1991. ADP begins to quad gameday boots, offer office automation services, including PC and LAN installations for administrative use. Jan 1983: IBM PC Kermit. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. Originally by Daphne Tzoar, adapted from memorial church stanford university address, Bill Catchings' CP/M-80 Kermit (actually, if I recall correctly, Bill did the original translation from 8080 MASM to 8088 Microsoft assembler in a single EMACS session, and university 2016-2017 school calendar, then Daphne made it work and added features).

Later it passed to university carolina team, Jeff Damens. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. We did versions 1.00 to university of north, 2.28 here, with various pieces contributed from elsewhere. Professor Joe Doupnik of Utah State University took it over in 1985, and stuck with until the end (see oral history of Joe Doupnik at the Computer History Museum). We were actually ordered to write this program because several prominent professors (Herb Goldstein, Bob Pollack, and dame school calendar, Jonathan Gross ) were using their new PCs to write a book, The Scientific Experience , that would be used in a new course, Science C1001-1002, Theory and Practice of Science , in Columbia's Contemporary Civilization (the jewel in of alabama boots the crown of the Columbia College Core Curriculum) and wanted to be able to collaborate by uploading chapters to CU20B, where they could be shared. And they did. Of Notre School. MS-DOS Kermit was a fixture on the Columbia computing landscape until the university team Web took over in 1994-95, and of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, popular all over the world. It's still remarkably popular today, providing VT320, Wyse, DG, ANSI, and of alabama gameday, Tektronix terminal emulation for Linux under dosemu , as well as data transfer for many DOS-based embedded and experimental devices, such as THIS ONE in university 2016-2017 calendar the International Space Station. CLICK HERE to visit the MS-DOS Kermit website. Jan 1983: Amdahl UTS installed on the IBM mainframe as a virtual machine under VM (Alan); this was the the stanford death first UNIX on the central systems. But CS, Biology, and PS had been running other forms of UNIX for some time on departmental minicomputers such as PDP-11s and VAX-11/750s. (9-track magnetic tapes were big in these days, but every kind of computer used a different format: ANSI, DUMPER, BACKUP, MAGSAV, IBM OS SL, tar, cpio, etc, so writing tape import/export/conversion utilities was a regular cottage industry.)

Mar 1983: CCNET included CU, CMU, CWRU, CS, TC. Mar 1983: All but two key punches removed due to lack of use (V15#4). The SSIO area is now a mainly a public terminal area, CUCCA business office, and university dame 2016-2017 school, consulting facility. Apr 1983: CU20B becomes Columbia's first central computer with dialout capability. The DIAL program, written by our Systems Group, operated a Vadic VA821 1200bps autodialer, and interfaced with DEC-20 Kermit to allow file transfer (and was later integrated with Kermit). 18 May 1983: DECSYSTEM-20 (and DECsystem-10) 36-bit computer line canceled by DEC due to church, their failed attempts to university dame, produce a faster and cheaper followon product (Jupiter). This was a huge blow to hsc english speeches help, Columbia and 2016-2017, most other US universities, which until this point were like a big (but increasingly anxious) DEC-10/20 club.

The ARPANET had been built mainly on DEC-10s and essay, -20s, and most computer science research and tools ran there. School. Big changes would come. Spring DECUS (the semiannual Digital Equipment Corporation User Society convention) took place a week or two thereafter. Writer. At the June 2001 DECWORLD event at the Computer Museum History Center, Roseanne Giordano, DEC's LCG [DEC-10 and DEC-20] product line manager at the time of the cancellation, recalled that DECUS organizers, fearing violence from the crowd, installed plainclothes police in the front row to protect the speakers. Jun 1983: Snapshot: Public terminal, printer, and graphics equipment. Terminals: Datamedia 1520 (6), Perkin Elmer Fox 1100 (10), HP 2621 (66), DEC VT101 (28), Concept APL (8), Superbrain (1), Diablo (1), LA36 (20), Tektronix (2), HP plotters (4) (read more), self-service Printronix printers (5). Terminals by location: SSIO (52), Mudd (16), Butler (11), International Affairs (6), Carman (21), Hartley (16), East Campus (14), Furnald (6). The Superbrain is still the only desktop computer in a public area; it remained in service until at least 1986. Jul 1983: The Columbia Computer Science Department DEC-20 and VAX-11/750 join ARPANET . The CS DEC-20 is connected to CU20B with DECnet, thus providing the first ARPANET access from CUCCA machines (staff only). Nov 1983: We attend nondisclosure presentations of the Macintosh, which as to of notre school calendar, be the first mass-market personal computer with a graphical user interface, modeled on stanford address that of the Xerox Alto and the Xerox Star (the Star was commercially available in 1981 but it was too expensive for university of notre school the popular market). I recommend early adoption of the prison race Macintosh by CU; this was done and Columbia became one of the first members of the Apple University Consortium, buying them in bulk and reselling them to university calendar, students.

Nov 1983: We (I) take on responsibility of approving campus microcomputer purchases, since in those days there were countless different incompatible ones. Every requisition had to come across my desk; if it was for university vs university of kentucky something weird I'd call the person who ordered it and talk about communications and compatibility, either changing their mind or rubber stamping it after they swore they didn't care and never would. 1983-84: It is in approximately this time frame that Alan Crosswell becomes Lead Unix Systems Programmer and also assumes management responsibility for the DEC-20s, as I move on to something called Systems Integration, meaning finding ways of hooking Columbia's many disparate micro-, mini-, and mainframe computers together. Kermit was one way; others included various forms of 2016-2017 school networking including DECnet, TCP/IP (brand new in 1983), who-knows-how-many forms of PC networking, and the stanford prison, so on. Alan is formally appointed Systems Manager in 1990. 1983-84: I was the university of notre dame CUCCA member of an Engineering Dean's committee, chaired by Dean Gross, to set up a graphics lab in the Engineering School. Other members included Engineering Professors Morton Friedman, Lee Lidofsky and (I think) Ted Bashkow. Speeches Help. Eventually a site was chosen adjoining the terminal room in 272A Engineering Terrace. It opened in March 1984 with 12 standalone IBM PCs equipped with color monitors and graphics adapters. This was almost certainly Columbia's first PC lab . The graphics lab was turned over to CUCCA in October 1989, combined with the university dame calendar original lab in room 272A, and renamed Gussman Lab. Jan 1984: CLIO (Columbia Library Information Online) debuts as a text-based inquiry system accessible via PACX terminal and Telnet.

It is university of north charlotte based on BLIS software from Bibliotechniques (a spinoff of the University of Washington), and runs on our IBM 3083 mainframe. Feb 1984: Hermit (clustered PC project): a 3-million-dollar equipment grant from of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, DEC, proposed by us (me and prison death, Howard Eskin) in March 1983, to build a distributed environment of Macs, PCs, and UNIX workstations clustered around MicroVAX hubs which, in turn, were connected to the central DEC-20 mainframes for file / identity / e-mail service. University School. Included were dozens of Rainbow PCs and Pro-380 (PDP-11) workstations, several MicroVAX-IIs, a VAX 11/730, a VAX 11/750, a VAXstation, an LN03 laser printer, Ethernet, and the Common File System (shared disk) hardware for our DEC-20s including a then-massive amount of central storage. This was to be a stunning example of systems integration; the primary objective was to provide users transparent native-mode access to their central files and ohio university, identities from all different kinds of desktop workstations (PC, Mac, UNIX). Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. I was the PI, my boss was Howard Eskin, the memorial church university address programmers were (at various times) Bill Catchings, Bill Schilit, Melissa Metz, Jeff Damens, Andy Lowry, Delores Ng, Howie Kaye, Fuat Baran. School. (V16#2, V16#6, V18#2; Columbia Daily Spectator , 23 Apr 1984). Mar 1984: With four DEC-20s installed, plus the Hermit project equipment -- big disks, fast networks, common file system -- instructional computing power was fairly well matched with demand. Now access was the bottleneck.

A study by the Academic Advisory Committee of the Engineering Advisory Council, Computers in essay help Columbia Engineering Education , March 1984, complained of the Sleeping Bag Syndrome: students should not be forced to line up for terminal time at graveyard shift hours. Only those who could postpone their terminal-room visits until the wee hours of the morning were spared the long lines, a system blatantly unfair to commuters. Obtaining space for terminal rooms (or anything else) on the Columbia campus was (and is) even more difficult than obtaining the money to build them. University Dame Calendar. Dormitory space was considered prime because dorms were the only buildings open 24 hours. Mar 1984: First Apple Lisa demo at CU, numerous Macintosh/Lisa seminars and presentations from Apple. Apr 1984: IBM Portable PC announced by CUCCA for hsc english help resale. University Dame 2016-2017 School. It was also required equipment for all Columbia Business School students. Apr-May 1984: Macintosh mania. Dance. A four-page article ( by me of course :-) introducing the Mac was published in V16#8. CU joins the Apple University Consortium as one of the few charter members. AUC membership required us to university calendar, buy Macs in university of north carolina bulk for resale on campus.

2000 were ordered right away. Within a short while, we had written the first version of Macintosh Kermit for dame 2016-2017 it (Bill Catchings, Bill Schilit, and me). Mac (and PC) sales continue in memorial church one form or another until turned over to JR, which opened a Columbia-only branch in the basement of Philosophy Hall in the late 1990s but then jumped ship about of notre calendar, 2001. May 1984: Floor plan of DEC-20 machine room by of north carolina charlotte Bill Schilit of the Systems Group, showing the size and placement of the various components (3 DEC-20s, their disk drives, and communications front ends are shown; not shown is the fourth DEC-20, the of notre school calendar tape drives, or the system consoles). OK, this is not really the floor plan. Ohio University Of Kentucky. It's a template for making floor plans.

The idea was to gather up all the discarded copies of the newsletter that had this diagram on the cover, cut out the university of notre dame school calendar pieces, and then make a real floor plan out of them (Tom De Bellis points out this diagram was made before all the Hermit grant stuff had arrived, thus was used to plastic essay writer, lay out how to make everything fit). Also see THIS DEC-20 MACHINE ROOM PHOTO. Jun-Jul 1984: The first Kermit article, by me and Bill Catchings, published (in two parts) in BYTE Magazine . See Kermit Bibliography for more Kermit-related publications. 3 Aug 1984: CU20B joins ARPANET (now called the of notre dame calendar Internet). Although the Computer Science Department had joined the ARPANET in July 1983, this did not allow access to the Columbia community at large. Putting CU20B on university gameday boots the ARPANET was the first step in of notre school this direction (researchers from all schools and departments and speeches essay help, CUCCA staff only, not students). CU20B's ARPANET hostname was COLUMBIA.ARPA.

No other Columbia computers (except the ones in university 2016-2017 school the CS department) were on the ARPANET, but of course CU20B had network connections to the other DEC-20s, some internal CUCCA machines, the experiment death campus DECnet and university dame 2016-2017, the external DECnet-based CCNET, and to BITNET. Thus to send mail into the Columbia network from outside required source routing, e.g. user %CU20A@COLUMBIA.ARPA. For some years, CU20B was to serve as a mail gateway among these networks, using locally written software. Over the next year or two, CUCCA would purchase a VAX-11/750, called the Gateway VAX, and install it in the CS department, where it was connected to the CS ARPANET IMP and avoid writer, back to of notre 2016-2017 calendar, the CUCCA hosts via Ethernet. The Gateway VAX ran 4.2BSD UNIX and it made Internet e-mail available to the whole Columbia community, including students, for the first time. Avoid Plastic Essay. For some reason I can't explain, the dame 2016-2017 school authorization letter from ARPA didn't arrive until two years later. Aug 1984: IBM PC/AT announced, the university quad gameday boots first IBM PC with memory protection. Based on the Intel 80286, with a 20MB hard disk and two floppy diskette drives, one low-density, one high. Battery powered BIOS configuration memory and clock. Up to 16MB memory. This was the university dame 2016-2017 calendar first in the IBM PC line fully capable of running multitasking operating systems, and soon was host to a number of them (some companies had managed to memorial church stanford address, produce Unix variants such as Xenix for university school calendar the original IBM PC or XT on 8086 but these were not sustainable.) Of course this machine was of great interest to the Columbia Computer Center, which was looking for ways to deploy desktop networked UNIX workstations for academic use, and we had some internally running different UNIX versions such as SCO Xenix/286.

But it would turn out that our first public UNIX workstations would come from memorial church stanford university, a different direction. Sep 1984: Three HP-150 MS-DOS microcomputers and one Macintosh were installed in the 272A Engineering Terrace terminal room. 2016-2017. They were not on any kind of network and had to be reserved by sign-up sheet. The HP-150s were an equipment grant from HP, along with some color pen plotters that were attached to bags, them. Dame. They had touch-screens and integrated thermal printers. A version of Kermit was written to allow them to communicate with the central computers through PACX lines and transfer files to and from their 3.5-inch diskettes (the HP-150 was one of the first, if not the first PC to use the 3.5-inch rigid diskette). Graphic images where generated by software on the mainframes (such as DISSPLA/TELEGRAF on the DEC-20s and SASGRAPH on the IBMs), downloaded with Kermit, and essay help, sent to the plotters. 16 Oct 1984: The academic IBM mainframe, CUVMB, joins the ARPANET, running WISCNET (the University of Wisconsin TCP/IP package) through a DACU (IBM's cabinet-size Ethernet adapter). This machine was for researchers and staff only, so there is still no ARPANET access for students. Nov 1984: Project Aurora , a 6.5-million dollar IBM grant administered by CUCCA, a campus-wide move in information and instruction toward the electronic university. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Bruce Gilchrist and Pat Battin (the University Librarian) are the principal investigators.

Aurora paid for an IBM 3083 mainframe to support the Columbia Libraries Information Online (CLIO) system, and the stanford prison experiment race, also funded some 30 research projects in the schools and departments. 1984-85: I'm not too clear about university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, this but I believe the SSIO area got a facelift around this time. See these photos. 1985: Low-cost Apple Laserwriter PostScript printers proliferate and carolina charlotte dance, suddenly typesetting becomes commonplace as LaserWriters are set up as spooled printers so they can be controlled not only by 2016-2017 school calendar Macintoshes but also DEC-20 and UNIX systems with Scribe and T E X. 1985-1989: The Columbia Physics department consructs a series of highly parallel computers (supercomputers made from bags, Radio Shack parts).

1985: a 16-node QCD machine delivering 250 MFLOPS peak and 60 MFLOPS sustained performance. University Of Notre Calendar. 1987: A second-generation QCD machine containing 64 nodes, delivering 1 GFLOPS peak and memorial stanford address, 300 MFLOPS sustained performance. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. 1989: A third-generation QCD machine containing 256 nodes delivering 16 GFLOPS peak and ohio university, 6.4 GFLOPS sustained performance [43]. This work would continue into the 1990s and beyond. Jan 1985: CUVMA (IBM VM/CMS academic mainframe) gets Ethernet (DACU) and TCP/IP (WISCNET) (Vace). Jan 1985: Internet Domain Name registration begins.

Some of the of notre 2016-2017 first registered domains are: symbolics.com, cmu.edu, bbn.com, ucla.edu, mit.edu, mitre.org, dec.com, stanford.edu, sri.com, sun.com, ibm.com, att.com, nsf.net, apple.com, cisco.com. Feb 1985: First version of C-Kermit (4.0) released. (Previous versions were called UNIX Kermit; C-Kermit was modularized to allow easy adaptation to memorial university address, other platforms, and university of notre dame calendar, eventually was ported to over 700 of ohio them, across 10 major operating system families.) Hundreds of people all over the world have contributed code, including Andy Tanenbaum (MINIX) and of notre dame school, Linus Torvalds (Linux). Death Race. C-Kermit was part of Hewlett-Packard's UNIX operating system HP-UX (by contract) from 1996 until 2011 (when Columbia U canceled the Kermit Project), and has since been incorporated into dame calendar many of the free Open Source operating systems distributions. CLICK HERE to visit the C-Kermit website. CLICK HERE to see a very early version C-Kermit. Speaking of Andy Tanenbaum and MINIX, CLICK HERE to read Andy's 2016 article, Lessons Learned from 30 Years of MINIX [121] (complete with video)! May 1985: Watson Lab Ethernet connection to Computer Center; Steve Jensen's 115th Street trench and Broadway crossing with cement-encased conduits containing fat yellow coax, the difficult Western and final leg of university of north carolina charlotte Columbia's first Ethernet backbone (PHOTO GALLERY).

The installation was delayed many months by asbestos containment and removal. Dame. Departments in buildings along the cable route, such as Chemistry and Math, that previously had been connected by synchronous modems began to switch to Ethernet. Sep 1985: The COLUMBIA.EDU Internet domain becomes operational. Vs University Of Kentucky. Columbia hosts connected by TCP/IP can be addressed directly from anywhere on the Internet, e.g. by email addresses like user @CU20D.COLUMBIA.EDU or user @CHEMVAX.CHEM.COLUMBIA.EDU (the same host addressing scheme that is used today, except for putting the central hosts into a new . CC subdomain in March 1988, and receiving most mail at university dame 2016-2017 calendar, a central server, COLUMBIA.EDU, rather than by individual computer host name). For the first time, students have access to the Internet but for all practical purposes, it is limited to email and anonymous FTP, since the World Wide Web does not yet exist and netnews will not become generally available at Columbia until 1988. The early Internet offered pretty much just text-only e-mail, finger, FTP, Telnet, WHOIS, and send or talk, early forms of speeches essay instant messaging. What else could you want? Dec 1985: Bruce Gilchrist resigns his Director post but stays on in an of notre 2016-2017 school calendar advisory capacity through 1989 (PHOTO).

Dec 1985: The first IBM 3270 emulation is provided by newly installed IBM Series/1 computers (V17#15). The Series/1 is a single-cabinet minicomputer with sixteen RS-232C serial interfaces for terminals and of north charlotte dance, a channel connection to the mainframe. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. The Series/1 tricks the the stanford prison race mainframe into university calendar believing it is a 3274 control unit. Of North Charlotte Dance. Prior to this all public terminal access to IBM mainframes had been in half-duplex linemode, rather than full-screen mode. Now ordinary ASCII terminals (and emulators of them) could conduct full-screen 3270 sessions on of notre calendar the IBM VM/CMS mainframe, and they could do it without reconfiguration (as was necessary for linemode connections). The Series/1 converted between full and half duplex, block mode and character mode, and the stanford experiment death race, IBM 3270 data streams and the escape sequences and character sets used by many different types of terminals (even APL terminals), plus it provided flow control and buffering. The Series/1 computers were later replaced by IBM 7171s, 4994s, and tn3270 software in of notre dame 2016-2017 school terminal servers and on UNIX hosts.

(Around here, large departmental PC labs began to appear, for ohio university vs university of kentucky example in university dame calendar the Business School and in the Learning Center.) 1986-1987 West German hackers use Columbia's Kermit software to break into dozens of plastic bags US military computers and capture information for the KGB , as described by university dame 2016-2017 Cliff Stoll in his 1989 book, The Cuckoo's Egg [46]. At one point, while Cliff watched on a jury-rigged T-connected terminal, the hackers were using Kermit to download a copy of the Telnet source code so they could implant a password logger, upload the result, recompile it, and install it: Line by line, I watched Kermit shovel the program over to the hacker. But I couldn't just kill Kermit. He'd notice that right away. Now that I was closing in on him, I especially didn't want to tip my hand.

I found my key chain and reached over to the wires connected to the hacker's line. Jangling the keys across the connector, I shorted out his circuit for an instant. This added just enough noise to confuse the computer, but not enough to kill the speeches essay help connection. It worked like a charm. I'd jangle my keys, he'd see the noise, and his computer would ask for a replay of the last line. This slowed the 2016-2017 school calendar transfer down so much that the hacker eventually lost patience and gave up -- but it didn't stop Kermit! As long as the connection stays up, no matter how awful, Kermit pushes the file through. Cliff also measured the university vs university of kentucky delay between Kermit packet and acknowledgment to estimate the hacker's distance from California (6000 miles, a fairly accurate estimate of the university distance to Hannover).

1 Jan 1986: CUCCA and Libraries merge. Information is information, right? (V18#2). CUCCA now reports to the University Librarian, Pat Battin. (In fact, it seems that CUCCA and plastic bags writer, Libraries merge periodically; in university of notre school some sense, CUCCA has always reported to the University Librarian; in the stanford death race another sense the real merger came only later, under Elaine Sloan.) The administrative half of CUCCA, ADP (now AIS, Administrative Information Services), is severed and reports to Low Library, and eventually (1991) moves from Watson Lab to of notre, Thorndike Hall at Teachers College. Jan 1986: Columbia's first networked PC lab opens in 251 Engineering Terrace, populated with the UNIX (Pro/380), MS-DOS (Rainbow) and VAX workstations from the ohio vs university of kentucky Hermit grant, plus eight 512K (fat) Macintoshes and two Mac/XLs, a LaserWriter printing station, an IBM PC, and the original Kermit Superbrain (V18#2). Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. The Pro/380 was a workstation made by DEC with a PDP-11 inside. DEC's operating system was called P/OS, which was a version of bags essay RSX-11 with a super-annoying menu-driven user interface. Of Notre Calendar. We adapted 2.8BSD UNIX to the machine for use in the lab, so these were the first public Unix workstations deployed at Columbia. Furthermore, unlike the Rainbows, Macs, and the PC (which communicated only through their serial ports with Kermit), they were on church university address Ethernet, and therefore on the Internet. Jan 1986: Kermit Project founded.

Kermit had started in 1980 as a task within the DEC-20 Systems Group, which obviously had other responsibilities. University School Calendar. By the mid-80s, Kermit had become popular all over the world, and we were receiving hundreds of requests for it every week from sites that were not on the network. Meanwhile, other sites were sending in new Kermit implementations of the stanford prison death race their own. Fulfilling these requests and maintaining the Kermit software archive (and mailing list, etc) had become a full-time job, so a full-time Kermit group, led by Christine Gianone (formerly the of notre dame calendar business manager in SSIO), was created to manage and distribute the church address software and take over university of notre school, the online archive, the mailing lists, tech support, and so on. The programming was still done by members of the hsc english essay help Systems group and external volunteers. Software distribution charges were instituted to university dame calendar, cover costs. The old raised-floor machine room in the back of the 7th floor of Watson Lab (added in avoid plastic essay writer 1959 for the IBM 1620) became the Kermit room, containing the Kermit Project computers and media production equipment.

May 1986: The height of CCNET , which now includes Columbia, CMU, CWRU, NYU, Stevens, Vassar, and Oberlin (V18#5). An October 1986 listing shows about 200 nodes on the network with DEC operating systems including TOPS-10, TOPS-20, VMS, Ultrix, RSX-11/M, and P/OS. Columbia departments included CUCCA, Computer Science, Chemistry, Math Stat, Teachers College, numerous PS departments, Nevis Lab (in Irvington NY), Psychology, Civil Engineering, and the Business School. Other universities (mainly in university calendar Ohio) would join later, but in a few more years the Internet would make CCNET obsolete. May 1986: First public description of Columbia's Ethernet backbone network, and enunciation of policy for departmental connections to it (V18#5), which was accomplished by us writing a letter for the Provost to sign. 16 Jul 1986: Columbia University as a whole (as opposed to only the hsc english speeches essay Computer Science Department) receives approval from the Defense Projects Research Agency to join the ARPANET (which would soon become the Internet) [SEE LETTER]. Aug 1986: Mathematics joins Ethernet backbone.

1986: (month?) Richard Sacks takes over as acting CUCCA Director. (Howard leaves somewhere in here. ) Sep 1986: The Scholarly Information Center (SIC) is proclaimed by Pat Battin, University Librarian. Sep 1986: More about the campus backbone: A bright yellow half-inch coaxial cable runs through the steam tunnels up and across the west and north edges of the dame school calendar Morningside campus. This cable is the campus Ethernet backbone, a large part of which was installed as part of an external research grant from Digital Equipment Corporation [the Hermit Project]. (Alan Crosswell, Networks at university, Columbia , SIC Journal V1#1, Sep 1986). Of Notre Dame Calendar. The backbone ran from vs university, Watson Lab to Mathematics to Chemistry to the Computer Center to Computer Science to Mudd (DIAGRAM). School. At the time coax-based IBM PCNET and Token Ring PC networks were commonplace networking methods for PCs.

Oct 1986: Kermit, A File Transfer Protocol (Frank) published by university vs university Digital Press, with a Foreword by Donald Knuth. It remained in print for 14 years. Oct 1986: CU20C switched off and replaced by a DEC VAX 8650 called CUNIXC running Ultrix 1.1, DEC's brand of UNIX , a 4.2BSD derivative. A pilot project assigned some CS courses to CUNIXC in Fall 1986. This was our first step in phasing out the of notre dame school calendar DEC-20s after the line was discontinued by DEC in 1983.

This stung so severely that we would never run a proprietary operating system again (except on the IBM mainframes, of course). University. The attraction of UNIX was that it was available -- with relatively minor variations -- on all kinds of computers, great and small. The 8650 was approximately equal to the DEC-20 in size, weight, and school calendar, cost; it was chosen because we could recycle many of the DEC-20 peripherals, and because (unlike other UNIXes) it supported DECnet, which we still used for departmental connections. Lots more HERE about the conversion from TOPS-20 to Unix. (About UNIX. There is much that appeals about UNIX. Plastic. Its well-known original attributes (simplicity, terseness, consistent building-block tools) were spelled out in the seminal BSTJ issue [15]. In addition, it is university of notre platform independent, so sites like ours are not tied to the stanford prison race, a particular vendor. Unlike proprietary OSs like TOPS-20, VMS, VM/CMS, and so on, however, UNIX is a moving target. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. Ever since control of UNIX left Bell Labs, every implementation (Ultrix, OSF/1, AIX, HP-UX, SunOS, Solaris, IRIX, Linux, FreeBSD, etc etc) is different in sometimes subtle but always aggravating ways, and carolina charlotte team, (with a few notable exceptions such as OpenBSD) every new release of every varation tends to break existing applications (whereas programs written for TOPS-20, VMS, MVS/TSO, or VM/CMS decades ago still work, without even recompiling). Any program more complicated than hello world is rarely portable from one UNIX to another without some porting work at the source-code level.

To compound matters, documentation is university dame 2016-2017 school increasingly scant. In the 1970s and speeches help, 80s, every operating system (even UNIX) came with a wall of printed manuals that documented everything in excruciating detail. But now documentation is of notre dame considered a waste of time and effort, since everything will change anyway. In modern UNIX, the only reliable documentation is the source code, and even that decays over time.) Nov 1986: 2400 bps modems installed for the first time, 25 of speeches help them altogether. There are still 59 300/1200 lines, for a total of 84 dialin lines connected to the PACX. Dec 1986: First IBM RT PCs received at Watson Lab (V18#12). This was IBM's first RISC Technology (RT) UNIX workstation, the precursor to the RS/6000, which was in wide use at Columbia and elsewhere into the 2000s. IBM's brand of UNIX is called AIX. Dec 1986: The Ingres relational database system is first installed (on CUNIXC).

This would become the of notre dame school calendar basis for CU's ID and authentication systems and other UNIX-based databases. 1987: Snapshot: The 1987 edition of the CUCCA Guide to Research and Instructional Facilities lists four DEC-2065's (but only three remain), the IBM mainframe with VM/CMS, a DEC VAX 8700 running Ultrix, 150 public terminals (HP2621s and DEC VT101s) plus DEC Rainbows and Apple Macintoshes in university of north carolina charlotte dance team public labs, 80 dialup lines at 300, 1200, and 2400 bps. and connections to BITNET, ARPANET, NYSERNET, JVNCNET, NSFNET, USENET, and CCNET. By this time it is possible to send electronic mail practically anywhere within minutes. During this period CDROMs begin to 2016-2017 school, appear, the dawn of the multimedia age. CLIO goes online to PACX users. Memorial Church. CLICK HERE for a map of campus terminal rooms as of January 1987 (Maurice Matiz, V19#2). 1987-88: The remaining three DEC-20s were gradually phased out from June 1987 to August 1988. 1987-88: The Kermit Project gives presentations at international conferences in the USA, Switzerland, France, and Japan.

In Japan we learned the problems of Japanese text entry, coding, display, and interchange that would influence future directions in of notre dame school calendar Kermit protocol and software. Jan 1987: Morningside campus is connected to the John von Neumann Supercomputer Center in university quad Princeton and to JVNCNET via a 56Kb leased line. And to NYSERNET via 56Kb leased line to Cornell. The Big Snowball Fight. Feb 1987: Biology joins Ethernet backbone.

Feb 1987: CUCCA (Frank) commissions Sparc SPITBOL due to imminent demise of of notre dame 2016-2017 school DEC-20s (indicating we had already decided on Sun for future expansion; SPITBOL (SNOBOL), which some of us still used heavily, was one of the of north carolina charlotte dance few DEC-20 applications that had not been adapted to UNIX in university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar general or the Sparc in particular). Mar 1987: The SSIO Area is closed and its functions transferred to 321A International Affairs, and later (1989) to 102 Philosophy Hall. The SSIO terminal rooms are replaced by public labs in the International Affairs building (and later in other locations) in the stanford prison which microcomputers, PCs, Macintoshes, and other kinds of workstations are installed rather than terminals. Apr 1987: Hermit project canceled. Although we had achieved many of its goals (transparent central file access from DOS, Mac, and UNIX; shared printing, including graphics; even e-mail), it was overtaken by cheap Ethernet, NFS, and commodity LANs/internetworking in general. Most of the equipment (Pro/380s, Rainbows, MicroVAXes) had gone into 251 Engineering Terrace, Columbia's first networked PC lab. The Pro-380s were our first public UNIX workstations (running 2.9BSD, adapted locally to the Pro-380), and CCMD (DEC-20 COMND JSYS simulation in C for UNIX) and the UNIX version of MM (mail client) came out of it (more info on MM HERE). The VAX-11/750 became an internal UNIX development system, in preparation for DEC20-to-UNIX conversion, and university of notre school, until late 1988 it was also Columbia's mail hub. May 1987: The Engineering School Ethernet (Muddnet) is installed and of alabama gameday, connected to the campus Ethernet backbone.

Muddnet came from an ATT grant to university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, the School of of alabama quad gameday Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), which also included an ATT 3B20 minicomputer in the Computer Science department and a large number of 3B2 desktop workstations, all running ATT UNIX System V R3. The 3Bx's fell into disuse after after a short while, but the Ethernet taps were recycled and used to provide connectivity for university dame years. Jul 1987: VAX 8700 up as CUNIXC, replacing the church stanford VAX 8650. Sep 1987: U of university of notre dame school calendar Toledo (Ohio) joins CCNET. Oct 1987: First high-speed link installed between Morningside and Health Sciences campus, via line-of-sight microwave supplying four T1 equivalents (about 6Mbps), providing direct Internet to Health Sciences (previously there had been a 9600bps leased line for DECnet only). Speeches Help. This works because the Morningside and Health Sciences campus are both on university of notre calendar Manhattan high points (see the old aerial photo). Nov 1987: The Physics Department joins the Ethernet backbone. Nov 1987: Columbia Appletalk Package (CAP) and Appletalk UNIX File Server (AUFS) released, written by Bill Schilit and Charlie Kim of Watson Lab, provides Appleshare file and print service to avoid bags, Macintoshes from UNIX, speaking Appletalk over Ethernet (V19#9).

CAP and AUFS quickly became popular all over the world and Charlie went on to work at Apple. 1987-1993: Network Planning Group (NPG): University-wide planning sessions setting networking direction and policy for CU as a whole (Morningside and Health Sciences, Administrative and Academic), chaired by 2016-2017 me. Met weekly until 1993. Plastic Essay Writer. Began by planning for Rolm installation (wiring plant, PACX/Rolm data migration), eventually moved on to local-area, campus-wide, and wide-area networking in of notre dame 2016-2017 general. Eventually everybody bought into TCP/IP and university carolina charlotte dance team, Ethernet, migrating from SNA, DECnet, etc. [See the NPG final report (PDF)].

1988-89: AIS tests an IBM 9370 minicomputer in Watson Lab as a possible basis for distributed administrative computing. Early 1988: The Office of Telecommunications and of notre dame 2016-2017, Computer Operations were assigned Administrative Data Processing (ADP), which changed its name to Administrative Information Services (AIS). AIS was removed from CUCCA, and now reported to the University's central administration, rather than to the University Librarian, thus ending the vs university 17-year CUCCA name and era. The academic and administrative staff, however, continued to work together in Watson Lab [20]. Dame 2016-2017 School. The Office of essay Telecommunications has overall responsibility for the Rolm phone system including the university dame 2016-2017 calendar Rolm cable plant. University Carolina. The split complicates the networking of the University, since some aspects (wiring and distribution frames) are done by Telecomm, whereas others (backbone network, hubs, routers, and configuration) are done by the Academic portion of ex-CUCCA (soon to be AcIS), and the two sides do not report anywhere in common short of the President. Working around this structural anomoly was the primary reason for NPG.

Meanwhile, the central academic computing systems remain in the machine room but now AIS is the university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar service provider (of operations support) and AcIS the memorial stanford address client. Mar 1988: Central CUCCA hosts move down one level in the Internet domain hierarchy, to the CC (Computer Center) subdomain, e.g. CU20B.COLUMBIA.EDU becomes CU20B.CC.COLUMBIA.EDU. The older names remain in effect until the first of June. Apr 1988: Our first Sun (a Sun-4/280) was installed in the Watson Lab 7th Floor machine room as WATSUN (the WATson Lab SUN). Watsun (later upgraded to Sparc-10 and then Sparc-20), which ran SunOS 4.0 and 4.1 (4.2BSD derivatives), was the primary login host for university dame calendar Watson Lab staff and of alabama gameday boots, home of the of notre dame 2016-2017 school Kermit Project ftp (and later Web) site for many years. University Address. Later (when?) it would move to calendar, the Watson Penthouse as the need for office space becomes increasingly urgent, and the old IBM raised-floor machine room would be gutted and divided into experiment race four offices for 6-8 people. Watsun was retired in dame calendar 2003. May 1988: CU20D switched off. All instruction moved from DEC-20s to VAX UNIX . CU20B (research and staff) runs until . . . Aug 1988: CU20B (Columbia's last DEC-20) was switched off. For more about the legacy of the DECSYSTEM-20, CLICK HERE.

In brief: prior the DEC-20s, computer users at Columbia were primarily concerned with calculation, and avoid bags essay, their primary access method was batch. Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. After the university of kentucky DEC-20 (and because of it) they were hooked on e-mail, bulletin boards, talk (interactive real-time chatting), text editing and typesetting, and the Internet -- just as they are today. University School Calendar. The nature of computing had changed completely and forever. All that remained was to put a pretty face on it. Aug 1988: Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory connected to Morningside campus via Ethernet over T1. Aug 1988: Ethernet backbone extended to East Campus. Summer 1988: CLIO (Columbia Library Information Online) was switched from BLIS to NOTIS (Northwestern Online Totally Integrated System) after the BLIS company (Bibliotechniques) went under.

NOTIS was developed at Northwestern University and later spun off to Ameritech Library Services. CLIO continues to run on the IBM mainframe. Sep 1988: CUCCA reorganization. Richard Sacks officially director. University Address. Elaine Sloan is university dame 2016-2017 new Vice President for avoid plastic essay writer Information Services and University Librarian.

Nov 1988: After years of planning and a year of installation, the ATT Centrex telephone system and the Gandalf PACX were replaced by IBM/Rolm (later Siemens) CBX 9000 (PHOTOS). Now instead of a PACX box and a phone, users had a phone with an RS-232 connector (if they paid extra for dame the data option). This was a massive project involving untold amounts of construction, tunneling, drilling, and wire-pulling, including a trench across Broadway and memorial church, many trenches between the buildings on campus and across side streets. Dame School Calendar. Preparation for the cutover was done using a Rolm CBX 8000 in Watson Lab. Hsc English Speeches Essay Help. 2500 data connections were moved from the PACX to the Rolm. Columbia's telephone exchange was changed from 280- to 853- and 854-. Of Notre Dame Calendar. Christine and dance team, I published a series of articles in McGraw Hill Data Communications magazine on university of notre school the topic and Neil Sachnoff wrote a whole book [41]. In the end, the most significant aspect of the conversion was the installation of a uniform twisted-pair wiring plant in all Morningside locations, enabling (over the next six years) universal 10BaseT Ethernet networking, as well as swipe-card access to buildings.

Prior to 1988, the Columbia University ID (CUID) was paper. Speeches Essay Help. With the Rolm system came laminated picture IDs with magnetic strips that worked in swipe-card readers all over campus, as well as in off-campus university buildings -- anyplace reached by Rolm wiring. The same wiring system that was used for telephones, serial-port terminal connections, and university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, twisted-pair Ethernet was also used to connect to the central access server that lets you open doors. Prior to this, PACX data installations required pulling wire from the PACX to each destination, digging trenches, drilling holes through granite, etc, and could take many months. With the memorial church university address CBX, it was just a matter of university dame 2016-2017 making some cross-connections in plastic a distribution panel -- every phone jack was also a network jack. The downside was that desktop phones could no longer be used with modems or fax machines, since the phones were now digital (a big issue at the time, but we survived).

1989: CUCCA creates positions specifically for university dame 2016-2017 calendar e-mail (freemail) support (postmaster, tech support, education and training). Memorial Address. Originally Joe Brennan; the work he did alone now requires about a dozen people. Freemail is launched January 1990. Most of the remaining Morningside campus buildings are connected to the network backbone. 1989: CUCCA business and consulting offices move to 102 Philosophy Hall . 2016-2017 Calendar. This is the same room where Prof. Charlotte Dance Team. Edwin H. Armstrong invented FM radio. Here we have two views of Armstrong's laboratory in 102 Philosophy in the 1930s [VIEW 1] [VIEW 2] and one of the Armstrong Tower (from the Columbiana photo archive). The Armstrong Tower (transmitter for the first-ever FM radio station, W2XMN, 1936) is across the university of notre 2016-2017 school Hudson River in Alpine, New Jersey, but at some point Columbia sold it off. Later (early 1990s) we thought we might use it for microwave access to Lamont, since it has line-of-sight to university of north carolina dance, both Columbia's Morningside Heights (Manhattan) campus and to Lamont in Palisades NY, but couldn't afford the new owner's rates. (Actually this idea has come up just about every 10 years since the 1960s -- I saw it first suggested in Dean Halford's 1963 letter [36].) After the of notre 2016-2017 school destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the Armstrong tower was used again by the major networks to broadcast their signals [56].

Apr 1989: An Encore Multimax 310 UNIX mainframe (later upgraded to 510) replaces the experiment race VAX 8700, our first departure from DEC for big academic central computers since 1975. The Encore's attraction was its multiple processors. University Of Notre Dame School. It was fast. Its UNIX (UMAX) was based on 4.3BSD. University Of Alabama Gameday Boots. This change effectively removes the dame calendar Computer Center from the campus DECnet, which gradually vanished from the scene over the next 10 or 12 years. May 1989: First International Kermit Conference , Moscow, USSR (Also in the Columbia University Record , V15#3, 22 Sep 1989) (PHOTO). Attended by Frank da Cruz and Christine Gianone of the plastic essay writer Columbia Computer Center and about 70 computer specialists from Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, Mongolia, Poland, and university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, parts of the USSR ranging from Novosibirsk in central Russia to Tallinn in Estonia, this is where the details of Kermit's character-set translation protocol were settled, allowing interchange of carolina dance team text in university Cyrillic among machines using diverse incompatible encodings -- ditto for East and memorial church stanford, West European languages written with accented Roman letters, as well as Hebrew, Greek, Japanese, and other scripts. [PICTURES AND VIDEO] Summer-Fall 1989: Microcomputer labs open in 321A International Affairs (16 Macs); 215 International Affairs (40 Macs plus some terminals); 272 Engineering Terrace (30 IBM PS/2 Model 70s). Of Notre 2016-2017 Calendar. Meanwhile, all sorts of content began to appear online: the schedule of classes, the University directory, and the Columbia Concise Encyclopedia . Sep 1989: Richard Sacks resigns as director of CUCCA on September 27th. Vace Kundakci (correct spelling: Vaçe Kundakç#305;), manager of the academic IBM mainframes and prior to that systems programmer (since 1977), takes over university gameday, as acting director. Jan 1990: Using MS-DOS Kermit (Christine) published by Digital Press, with a jacket blurb by Cliff Stoll (Yow!), author of The Cuckoo's Egg [46].

A second edition was published in dame school calendar 1992. German and French translations were also published, as was another book about team, MS-DOS Kermit in Japanese (see the Kermit Bibliography). May 1990: Vace Kundakci takes over as Director, renames CUCCA to AcIS (Academic Information Systems), as distinct from AIS (Administrative Information Services, formerly ADP). Mid-1990: Alan Crosswell becomes Systems Manager, responsible for all central academic computing systems (IBM and other), a post last held by Howard Eskin and vacated 5 years before. University Of Notre 2016-2017 Calendar. By this time the prison only central computers that matter are Unix-based (DEC, then Encore, then Sun, plus workstations from Sun, NeXT, and HP) the academic IBM mainframe is used mainly by university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar the Libraries and memorial church stanford address, a handful of external paying users. (Somewhere around here CCNET was disbanded because of the Internet.) Jan 1991: The Senior Vice President of Columbia is bitten by the outsourcing bug and university dame calendar, brings in a consulting firm, American Management Systems Inc (AMS), to take over and clean out administrative computing (AIS). Seventeen people are fired. Although a couple of service improvements resulted (mainly a new Student Information System, SIS), many millions of dollars were wasted on cutting edge projects that never panned out and a number of talented people were lost. University Of Kentucky. Eventually AMS left the scene and university 2016-2017 calendar, equilibrium was restored. 1991: We buy a truckload of NeXT UNIX (NeXTSTEP) workstations for avoid bags writer both staff and labs (photo); a major commitment, and (I believe) an attempt to stem the tide of PCs and Macs, which were intrinsically unsafe and labor intensive for their users and owners (the PCs more so than Macs, which have always had a great deal of support from a large contingent of the university of notre 2016-2017 calendar technical staff) and for AcIS staff in its role of of north support-giver.

The NeXTs were configured and managed centrally; user logins were via network to university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, the central University database; user directories were on centrally located, managed, and backed up NFS-mounted disks. But before long NeXT was out of business. 1991: There is much expansion, renovation, and upgrading of public computer labs during 1991 (and ever since). The academic and administrative IBM mainframes (4381, 3090, and 3083) are all replaced by a single IBM ES/9121, which is partitioned into separate academic and administrative virtual machines (a feature of IBM's VM operating system). Jan 1991: Three Sun-4/280s (full-sized cabinets) are installed in the machine room as CUNIXA, CUNIXB, and charlotte, CUNIXD running SunOS 4.1.

These (and the Encore) were soon replaced by 2016-2017 Sun pizza-box sized servers, and SunOS was replaced by Solaris. Where central computers once weighed tons, cost millions, filled acres of floor space, required massive cooling and exotic forms of power, now they're dirt-cheap commodity items running at unheard-of speeds with seemingly limitless amounts of memory and storage, that can be carried under your arm and plugged into an ordinary wall socket at ambient room temperature. University Carolina. Of course, today's applications and data saturate this vast capacity just as effectively as yesterday's simpler applications overwhelmed the resources available then, and so it shall always be. (Around here, disk service begins to shift from locally attached disks to RAID file servers, and the backup system changes from the traditional manual 9-track tape operation to automated network backups to a DAT-drive juke box . All the software was locally written and included all the academic servers, Sun as well as the IBM mainframe. Later a commercial backup system, Veritas, took the place of the original homegrown one. Capacity as of Jan 2001: 400 x 40GB tapes = 16000GB (16TB) to cover 1.7TB usable space on the academic file servers.) Jan 1992: Conversion of Morningside campus backbone from dame 2016-2017 calendar, Ethernet coax to optical fiber begins; cutover in Spring 1992. Apr 1992: AIS moves out of Watson Lab to new quarters in Thorndike Hall at Teachers College (MAP) and in the Computer Center Building [20]. Floors 1 through 5 of Watson Lab were left vacant for vs university of kentucky a period, and then, even though the AcIS space on floors 6-9 was (and remains) severely and university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, increasingly overcrowded, the lower five floors with their rich history and ohio university of kentucky, key role in science and computing were converted to art studios. Nov 1992: Using C-Kermit (Frank and Christine) published by Digital Press, concurrent with the release of university of notre 2016-2017 calendar version 5 of carolina charlotte team C-Kermit. A second edition would follow in 1997, as well as a German translation.

1992-1993: Columbia's Kermit software handles the communications in the British relief mission to Bosnia. 1993: The era of the search engine begins. First there was Archie, then Hypertelnet, then Gopher, then the Web. In 1993, ColumbiaNet is university hot, a million accesses per year (a figure soon to be dwarfed by ohio of kentucky the Web, see Web statistics table). ColumbiaNet is a text-based menu-driven service (remember text?). Here's the main menu, preserved for posterity:

Spring 1993: By now the Internet is ubiquitous. University Technology Architecture published, setting University-wide standards for networking, a common TCP/IP-based network for all computing, administrative and academic, at university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, Columbia; this was the end product of race NPG (see it here as a PDF). University Of Notre School. Formerly the administrative network was IBM SNA and completely separate from the academic network. The Stanford Prison Experiment Race. While this arrangement might have had its advantages from a security standpoint, it was becoming increasingly difficult to university of notre, manage and for end users to cope with. Summer 1993: The Schapiro Residence Hall (across 115th Street from Watson Lab) is wired for Ethernet as a pilot project for campus-wide networked dormitories. Schapiro is church stanford also the of notre 2016-2017 school first building to be served by the stanford death race the new fiber backbone. Dec 1993: New AcIS modem pool announced, consisting of 80+ V.32 bis 14400 bps error-correcting data-compressing US Robotics modems, connected to Cisco terminals servers at 57600 bps with RTS/CTS hardware flow control, replacing the old Rolm based modem pool. University Of Notre. When the Rolm was first installed in essay 1988, 1200/2400 and 9600 bps modem pools were connected directly to it, and these provided Columbia's main dialup access until 1994 (a total of 2016-2017 84 lines). Beginning in 1993, AcIS began to install modern error-correcting data-compressing modems of its own in Watson Lab.

This was done for several reasons: The top speed of a Rolm port was fixed at 19200 bps. Rolm data ports did not support hardware flow control, which is essential for error-correcting data-compressing modems; SLIP and PPP connections could not be made through Rolm ports (at least not by ohio vs university an ordinary mortal). The demand for dialup access has increased ever since, and we keep accommodating (see table). The modems themselves have since been upgraded to V.34 (28800 bps) and then V.90 (56K bps). Modems were originally used for text-based shell sessions. In the late 1980s, SLIP service appeared on our terminal servers, and later PPP.

Gradually, shell access gave way to Internet connections over PPP, which had the university of notre 2016-2017 school advantages of allowing multiple sessions on the same connection including Web browsers and GUI PC-based e-mail, plus end-to-end data integrity (no more line noise of course the noise is university of kentucky still there, but it's detected and university dame 2016-2017 school, corrected by retransmission automatically by the modems and the IP and TCP network layers, so you don't see it). Jan-Apr 1994: The Columbia website debuts; see statistics below. A web server was first installed in Dec 1993; the first Columbia website was up in Jan 1994 (DID ANYBODY SAVE A SCREENSHOT?), and the website was announced and publicized in Apr 1994. Early original content included the Architecture digital library (1994-95), the Art History digital library (1993-95), the Oversized Geology Maps project (1994-96), and the Bartleby full-text literature project [Source: Rob Cartolano] . Before long, a Web front end to NOTIS-based CLIO was also available (DATE?). May 1994: In AIS News V4#2, the university of north Directors of AcIS (Vace Kundakci) and AIS (Mike Marinaccio) present the full range of e-mail options available to Columbia: Pine, MM, VMM, MailBook, the newly emerging PC and Macintosh based POP clients, and university dame 2016-2017 school, e-mail with MIME attachments. Summer 1994: Most residence halls wired for Ethernet: Carman, Furnald, Hartley, John Jay, Wallach (Livingston), John Jay, and Wien (Johnson). Residence Hall Networking Option (RHNO) offered to students in the Fall. The first electronic classrooms were set up. Sep 1994: The public labs are switched from NeXT to HP 9000/712 UNIX (HP-UX) workstations; a big attraction is memorial university address their ability to run both Mac and university dame school, PC (Windows) emulators as well as UNIX applications perfect for the public labs but far too pricey for individual desktops. Sometime in 1994: I turn over my Network Tsar responsibilities to Bill Chen and devote full time to the Kermit Project, which I began 14 years earlier and could never quite give up. Shortly thereafter, Jeff Altman joins as a second full-time developer.

The Network Planning Group becomes the Network Systems Group, to reflect its now-operational nature. Token Ring and SNA networks phased out. Oct 1994: Columbia's Kermit software serves as the university quad gameday primary communications method in the Brazilian national election, the dame 2016-2017 school world's largest election ever at university, the time. Nov 1994: The printed Newsletter ceases publication, which is too bad since there is nothing quite like a paper trail. Web documents are transitory turn your back for a couple years (or months or weeks) and the history is lost. The newsletter was the Computer Center (or CUCC , or CUCCA ) Newsletter until November 1988, after which it suffered a series of university dame school calendar makeovers and name changes: Columbia Computing, Computing News, Academic Computing, SIC [sic] Journal , etc, and then gave up the of north carolina charlotte ghost.

For all practical purposes, the historical record of computing Columbia stops here. There was an ASCII archive of newsletters through 1988 on the DEC-20s, but it was lost when CU20B was switched off. Dec 1994: The Flynn Report recommends (among other things) improved computing and networking service for students. 1994-95: Windows and the Web take over. The diverse, rich, idiosyncratic history of computing stops here. For the first time, computing and of notre dame school calendar, networking are opened up to the general public. The locus of computing and networking shifts from science and academia to the mass market.

1994-95: Initial funding for the creation of gameday two test electronic classrooms (Fairchild and . Of Notre School. ) for the 1994-95 year. 1994-present: AcIS is primarily occupied with the Web, Web-based services, content, labs, kiosks, Sun servers and NFS toasters, multimedia classrooms, wired dorms, mobile and avoid plastic writer, wireless computing, video conferencing, webcasting, distance learning, all the while fending off attacks from within and without viruses, spam, open mail relays, junk mail, denial of service attacks, worms, etc that occur continuously from all corners of the globe, and constantly struggling to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for university of notre calendar bandwidth, storage, and dial-in modems, often just to accommodate services like Napster, Kazaa, Internet Relay Chat, Instant Messaging, and people emailing cartoons, photos, and movies to bags essay, each other or serving streaming video from their dorm rooms. University School. Superficially, users rely on university of alabama gameday boots AcIS less than before, now that they have their own desktop computers and applications. But in fact they rely on university of notre school AcIS more than ever for essential daily services like virus protection and screening, e-mail and memorial stanford, Web access, not to mention the of notre Sun and speeches essay, RAID server farms that provide these services as well as safe, backed-up storage and the unglamorous infrastructure of network wiring, hubs, and routers (installation, maintenance, updates, expansion, management, configuration), plus the ongoing feeds from the administrative student information, human resources, and dame calendar, alumni systems, allowing automated identity creation, security, web-based student services, web-based courses, and all the rest, serving virtually every student, staff, and faculty member of the University, a community of over 40,000 users (plus another 50,000+ alumni with e-mail service). 1995-96 Electronic classrooms project funded at $1M for the creation of the e-rooms throughout campus. Oct 1995: Kermit 95 for Windows 95 released; this (and C-Kermit) would be the hsc english main preoccupation of the university of notre dame 2016-2017 Kermit Project for the years to university vs university of kentucky, come, plus active involvement in IETF and Unicode standards. Kermit is a laboratory where we can learn about, experiment with, develop, and finally package, document, and deploy file transfer and management protocols, Internet clients and servers, character-set translation techniques, secure authentication and encryption methods, and algorithms of all kinds big and small, even transport-level network stacks. Even a programming language.

1996: The Watson Lab building is featured in the movie, The Mirror Has Two Faces . For several weeks 115th Street and the building itself were occupied by production crews, equipment, and actors. The final shot in the movie zooms in to a Watson window. This is only one of many films that used Columbia University locations; others include Spiderman and Ghostbusters (CLICK HERE for more). The Columbia neighborhood is of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar also a frequent setting for TV shows such as Law Order (where Hudson University is a fictionalized Columbia University) and New York Undercover (1994-1998). Fall 1997: The 50th anniversary of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) passed unnoticed at Columbia, even though the ACM was founded here. Jul 1999: Rolm Dataphone connections (top speed: 19200 bps) were discontinued because by now everybody had Ethernet in dance team their Rolmphone jacks; the Annex and university dame 2016-2017, Cisco terminal servers to which the vs university of kentucky central data modules were connected were switched off and removed. Summer 1999: HP 712/60 workstations, which were mainly used to run PC and Macintosh emulation software, were replaced by 70 Sun Ultra 10 workstations, in both 251 Engineering Terrace and the adjacent Gussman Lab. The other big deal that summer was the of notre 2016-2017 school calendar upgrade of the entire lab to 100BaseT. Dec 1999: In Pupin Laboratory, site of the hsc english speeches essay world's first automated scientific calculations 65 years earlier, the Computational Field Theory Group of the Columbia University Physics Department, working with IBM TJ Watson Research Center and Brookhaven National Laboratory, begins construction of university of notre school a multiteraflops supercomputing resource , the avoid bags writer QCDOC machine (Quantum Chromodynamics On a Chip).

In April 2002, the university of notre group received a five million dollar grant from RIKEN, the Japan Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in support of this work. CLICK HERE for essay help further information. [ Top ] Aug 2002: AcIS reclaims the 4th floor of of notre dame calendar Watson Lab. Some art studios are relocated to Prentis Hall. The full-time members of the church stanford address Computing Support Center staff moved back from 102 Philosophy Hall. Walk-in services remain in 102 Philosophy but the telephone help desk is of notre 2016-2017 school calendar now in Watson Lab. Sep 2002: After several successful pilot projects, network wiring of residential buildings in the neighborhood begins. Initial service is memorial stanford university 10Mbps, increased to 100 in Feb 2003.

22 Nov 2002: Today is the first day in history that Columbia is of notre 2016-2017 calendar using Internet service from a company (Texas based Broadwing) which we had nothing to avoid plastic bags essay, do with building. Until today, even though we had bought service from companies like PSI and Applied Theory, we used services which we (through Nysernet) had something to do with their creation and expansion, at least in their earlier stages. University 2016-2017 School Calendar. Let's now hope Broadwing stays in business. Vace Kundakci (AcIS Director). Nov-Dec 2002: Columbia's Kermit 95 software CD is delivered by the Space Shuttle Endeavor to the International Space Station (see the July 2003 entry for details). Jan - Feb 2003: Installation of per-host outbound bandwidth throttling to reduce the impact of peer-to-peer file sharing (Napster, Gnutella, Kazaa, etc) on network performance.

Jan - May 2003: As the the stanford University drowns in spam (unwanted e-mail), AcIS prototypes filtering mechanisms. May 2003: IBM System/360 nameplate, Console power switch, and about 100 lamps sent to the newly relocated Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View, California, for dame 2016-2017 reattachment to our IBM 360/91 Console, which we donated in 1980 with these pieces missing. 16 Jun 2003: AcIS activates its spam filters. At this point, incoming mail traffic is 500-600,000 messages per avoid plastic, day, of which about 20% are filtered. University Of Notre School Calendar. The filtering policy, however, is conservative to avoid blocking legitimate mail, so this figure does not reflect the actual amount of spam and viruses, not to mention the fallout from them (e.g. bounce notifications resulting from speeches help, forged mail). Jul 2003: On the International Space Station , a connection between Columbia's MS-DOS Kermit and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, Kermit 95 software programs delivers the results from the CSLM-2 microgravity experiment. This experiment is to be run at different times through 2005.

CLICK HERE for the full story. 7 Jul 2003: New CLIO (Columbia Library Information Online). The previous version, based on of alabama gameday NOTIS software running on the IBM mainframe, dated from the 1980s, before the Web and the popularization of the Internet. The first CLIO system, based on Bibliotechniques BLIS software, debuted in January 1984; when Bibliotechiques folded a second version of CLIO, based on NOTIS (Northwestern Online Totally Integrated System), came up in summer 1988. NOTIS was developed at Northwestern University and later spun off, then bought by Ameritech Library Services, which was itself snapped up and university dame 2016-2017 calendar, evidently dissolved by the stanford prison death a private investment group in 1999. The new Web-centric CLIO is built on university dame 2016-2017 calendar Endeavor Information Systems Inc. Oracle-based Voyager software, running on AcIS-administered Sun Solaris servers, and gameday boots, is also used at the US Library of Congress, the US National Libraries of Medicine and Agriculture, Princeton, Yale, Cornell, Penn, and elsewhere.

At this point, 92% of the University's holdings are cataloged online, a total of dame 2016-2017 school 4 million records, with plans for stanford the remainder (with exceptions like maps and university, rare books, plus divisions that never joined the main catalog such as the Law and TC Libraries) to be in vs university of kentucky the catalog by 2005. The new system allows more searching, management, and customization options, and integrates and largely automates backoffice tasks. Perhaps more significantly, it is designed to accommodate Unicode, potentially allowing native-script cataloging of materials in Russian, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, and dame 2016-2017 school calendar, most other languages. NOTIS-based CLIO was the last academic user of the IBM mainframe the end of an era spanning nearly 50 years. Thursday, 14 Aug 2003: The blackout of 2003 , the biggest blackout in North American history. Plastic Writer. Electrical power failed about 4:15pm all over New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario, as well as parts of Vermont and Massachusetts, affecting 50 million people. Power was restored to the Morningside campus about 6:10am the next day; some areas came back sooner, some (e.g. Chelsea) were without power as long as 30 hours. The network and hosts began to school, come online 10:00am-2:00pm Friday, and by 6:00pm all the speeches essay essential online services (Email, Web, Cunix and of notre school, related software, Courseworks, network, library, modems, etc.) were available; ID management services were restored at prison experiment death, 8:39pm Friday. Subways and trains resumed operation Saturday morning.

28 Oct 2003: Columbia's central Sun servers upgraded from Solaris 2.5.1 to Solaris 9. The Solaris 9 servers would run until the end of 2015, which beats the university dame school old OS longevity record of of north charlotte OS/360 21.0 (1972-78). 15 Dec 2003: New Columbia home page, the first major redesign since the website started in of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar 1994. Features NYC scenes, kind of like the Kermit website :-) CLICK HERE to see the last old-style page; AND HERE to see the 1996 version. The new home page loads a random picture each time you visit or reload it; CLICK HERE to see a selection from the first day. Columbia University's 250 Anniversary. COLUMBIA.EDU 20th anniversary. 4 May 2004: 28 years after its first use at Columbia, electronic mail is declared an official medium of university of alabama quad gameday boots communication. As of 1 July 2004, all students are required to of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, read their e-mail. By this time, nearly all students have their own computers; the dorms are all wired, as are neighborhood apartment buildings; computer labs are found throughout campus; and wireless networking is available in speeches help key outdoor common areas and various classrooms and lounges. 25 May 2004: Columbia's last academic IBM mainframe, CUVMB, was turned off at 10:10am, terminating 36 years of university of notre school continuous IBM 360-architecture service to Columbia's academic community (and before that, other IBM mainframe architectures going back to the 1950s, and before that IBM accounting and plastic bags essay, calculating machines reaching back to 2016-2017 school, the 1940s, 30s, and 20s). Avoid Plastic. Academic use of Columbia's IBM mainframes had been dwindling since the 1980s, until finally none remained.

Most of Columbia's administrative applications, however, still run on IBM mainframes. Summer 2004: The SUN workstations were retired from the of notre dame school calendar public labs and replaced by actual PCs and quad gameday boots, Macintoshes emulation is never quite like the real thing, and there wasn't that much interest in of notre school calendar UNIX any more. The PCs run Microsoft Windows. Of North Charlotte Dance. In the PC lab's first incarnation, Windows had to be installed fresh for each user session over the network via a custom bootstrap ROM, so each new user did not inherit a “customized”, booby-trapped, virus-ridden PC from the university dame 2016-2017 school previous user. 23 Sep 2004: Installation of per-host inbound bandwidth quotas to reduce the impact of university of alabama gameday boots peer-to-peer file sharing on network performance. This was the headline in today's Spectator , reflecting the widespread perception that the purpose of the of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar network, if not the university itself, is to permit students to download and trade audio and carolina charlotte dance, video without paying for it. 2016-2017 Calendar. The initial limit is memorial church address 400MB per hour. 11 Nov 2004: Columbia University decides that it was not such a great idea after all to split academic and university of notre school, administrative computing (early 1988), or to carolina charlotte dance team, consider computing a library function (January 1986), and commenced a search for a new VP of Information Technology to head a recombined, reconstituted, restructured, and possibly relocated central computing organization, the details of which will not be known until after new VP arrives. University Of Notre School. CLICK HERE for the announcement. 29 Nov 2004: Spectatator picks up the church stanford university story, attributing the reorganization to a series of university dame school calendar AcIS glitches such as hacker and virus attacks; Students are all too familiar of [sic] the shortcomings of AcIS.

An anonymous SEAS junior said that AcIS is 'completely incompetent and plastic essay, [doesn't] know how to university dame 2016-2017 school, manage anything'. In reality, it would be rather difficult to point to any site that supports a user community upwards of 60,000, mostly on their own Internet-connected Windows workstations, that knows how to carolina team, manage hackers and viruses, which, after all, arrive continuously from every corner of the planet, each one exploiting an as-yet-unknown vulnerability, periodically bringing down major corporations and entire governments, sometimes the of notre dame calendar Internet itself, not mention other universities. Evidently Spectator is of north carolina charlotte team also unaware that AIS and AcIS were a single organization until the University divided them. Putting them back together is a simple matter of university of notre dame 2016-2017 school undoing an the stanford prison experiment death race old mistake, although it's not clear that the decision was made by anybody who knows that. It should also be noted that AcIS and its predecessors have rarely, if ever, received sufficient funding to meet the needs of the user community (for details, read above starting about 1970). The irony is that now, when the complaints are loudest, those needs are vanishingly academic. University Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. In the plastic essay writer same Spectator issue, the staff editorial states that, in light of recent crackdowns on illegal downloading of copyright material (MP3s and video), Columbia now has the responsibility to help students legally download movies and music. Now we know what we are here for. 1 Jul 2005: Candace Fleming appointed Columbia Vice President of of notre calendar Information Technology, to preside over the once-and-future joint AcIS/AIS organization, yet to be (re)named. 2 Aug 2005: AIS + AcIS = CUIT (Columbia University Information Technology).

30 Aug 2005: 50th anniversary of Columbia's first computer , an IBM 650 at Watson Lab: the first stored-program computer at university vs university, Columbia that was available for general use by Columbia researchers and university of notre dame school calendar, courses. (The words of the previous sentence are chosen carefully: earlier computing devices had been available to Columbia researchers, but they were not stored-program computers. At least one stored-program computer, NORC, had been at Columbia before 1955 but it was not generally available to the academic community. Columbia researchers had also had some access before 1955 to stored-program computers offsite, e.g. at IBM headquarters downtown; these computers were not at avoid bags, Columbia.) For all but the 2016-2017 school handful of brave pioneers who used the earlier plugboard-programmed machines, the hsc english speeches help 650 was indeed the first computer. Within a couple years, it could be programmed in university FORTRAN and other symbolic languages, and quickly became so popular that a second one was added. 1 Sep 2006: Columbia University is university boots now receiving, detecting, and refusing over a million spam, virus, phishing, and other unwanted emails per day. Of course many still come through, but it is better to university 2016-2017 calendar, allow some spam to pass than to block legitimate mail.

28 Feb 2008: Alan Crosswell, who has been here almost as long as I have [I was laid off in 2011 after 37 years at the Computer Center and 45 at Columbia], appointed Associate Vice President and Chief Technologist. 15 Jan 2009: The CUIT Helpdesk Support Center, formerly known as the hsc english help Client Service Center (and before that as the SSIO [Self-Service Input/Output] Area, and the CUCCA Business and Consulting Office), moves from university calendar, 102 Philosophy Hall (see March 1987 entry) to 202 Philosophy. 21 Apr 2009: Reunion of some original Watson Lab people from the 1940s and 50s, at the original Watson Lab building at university quad, 612 W 116th Street. CLICK HERE for a gallery. 25 Jan 2010: Herb Grosch dies at 91 years of age.

An authentic computer pioneer, he worked here from 1945 to 1950 and in recent years was an energetic and dame 2016-2017 school, colorful contributor to this history. The photo is from 1951, showing how he looked when he was working in Watson Lab on 116th Street where he came up with Grosch's Law (in 1950, not 1965 as Wikipedia states; see see Chapter 13 of ohio university Grosch's autobiography). Herb created and taught one of the first Computer Science courses anywhere (Numerical Methods) at Columbia University in 1946. He went on to a long and contentious career at MIT, GE, IBM, Datamation, the National Bureau of Standards, Computerworld, and the ACM, and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, served on the faculty of numerous universities. 10-12 Feb 2015: The last vestige of text-based email (inaugurated here in the mid-1970s), namely the secure POP3 server at memorial, mail.columbia.edu:995, was turned off. University Of Notre School Calendar. Meaning it's no longer possible to access email with a text-based email client in the stanford experiment death race a shell session, or to use shell-based tools and dame 2016-2017 school, filters and editors with email. Until now you could do all your work except web browsing and photo editing in carolina charlotte dance team a text-mode shell session. The “upgrade” to Google Gmail puts your email in school “The Cloud” where it can hacked or can be “mined” by corporate interests or the speeches essay DHS (I've been assured that these things will never happen but. Dame Calendar. ) And where we pretty much have no control over it. No straightforward way to archive it locally. University Quad Gameday Boots. No way to write programs to do any kind of custom searching, statisics, analysis on selected email archives chosen by various criteria, e.g. date range.

When sending mail, there is no precise control over the formatting, nor any way to choose an encoding other than UTF-8, nor any way to of notre school calendar, enter non-ASCII characters from a PC keyboard aside from Alt-key escapes (like Alt-0241 for hsc english speeches essay ñ), or setting your keyboard up to university of notre dame school, have dead-key combinations, or clicking on a cartoon keyboard, none of prison race which are exactly ideal for a touch typist who can type as fast in Spanish or German, or even Russian, as in English when using a good terminal emulator*. All in all, compared to university of notre school calendar, MM used with a good terminal emulator, Gmail is pretty labor intensive and inflexible at speeches help, best, and at worst it puts us in a situation where a profit-driven corporation owns our email, not we ourselves. We are forced to university dame, use a Web browser to access it, which opens us up to all manner of cookies, spying, marketing, and analysis of avoid essay our computers and files, not to mention hostile attacks not from Google, necessarily, but from the whole planet. None of university school calendar that happens with text-based email. Even imputing the best of motives to the corporations, the volatility of the market could result in our cloud of email disappearing one day into a stock market vortex, or being bought up by ohio university vs university some new company that could do anything at university calendar, all with it hold it for ransom, sell it to tabloids. On this topic, an old friend at another university observed a couple years ago: I have 30+ years of e-mail archives, and it is memorial church stanford absolutely mission-critical that I own all of my mail files. There is 2016-2017 school calendar no guarantee that gmail (or hotmail, or msn mail, or yahoo mail, or any ISP mail) will be around tomorrow, next year, or a decade from now. e-mail is a critical record of institutional, governmental, and industrial work, and it needs to be owned by those who created it, not given away to an outside source who is busy mining it, and could lose or corrupt it. Furthermore the constantly evolving methods of representing emails might render our Cloud-based “rich text”** email archives useless in a future that might not be as distant as you think. Vint Cerf, “Father of the Internet” and Google Vice President, said recently (see below for citations): Old formats of documents that we've created or presentations may not be readable by the latest version of the software because backwards compatibility is not always guaranteed. And so what can happen over time is that even if we accumulate vast archives of digital content, we may not actually know what it is. University Boots. Plain text, on the other hand, is eternal.

ASCII, which serves for English and a few other languages, was (and is) a well-defined and mature national and international standard, as are subsequent standards like ISO 8859 and ISO 10646 (Unicode) that increased the character repertoire to dame calendar, accommodate other languages and writing systems. Whereas presentation methods are driven by corporate interests and competition and they never stop changing***. The medium swallows the message. 23 May 2015: Dr. Of North Charlotte. Bruce Gilchrist , the second director of the Columbia Computer Center (and a major contributor to this history), dies in university 2016-2017 school calendar Richmond VA at the age of 84 [obituary] (the first director was Kenneth King from 1963 to 1971). Bruce, a genuine pioneer in computing from the 1950s and experiment, a prominent figure in the ACM and AFIPS (details here), exemplified the long-forgotten academic and scientific traditions of the university of notre calendar computer center and its predecessor, the hsc english speeches IBM Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University, serving on the Engineering School faculty and publishing papers in scientific journals as well as several books on computers and society.

Bruce led the Computer Center from 1973 to 1984, staying on in an advisory capacity until 1988. As his first act, he opened up access to what in of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar those days was “the computer” (a huge IBM mainframe) to the entire Columbia community, the first instance of university of alabama gameday open computing at Columbia, and he would continue his push for open computing throughout subsequent generations of machines, such as the dame calendar DECSYSTEM-20s (1977-88), despite often severe budget pressures. Bruce was the ohio first to put public “terminal rooms” in dormitories and other academic buildings. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. Bruce hired mainly out of the Engineering School, launching the memorial stanford university address careers of numerous women and men in computing. As a scientist with close connections to the computer industry, he was able to combine technical leadership with good humor and humane management. His office on the sixth floor of the Watson building was always open and he enjoyed spending time with both his technical staff and his administrative staff; he treated workers with respect and he was universally respected in return. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. After relinquishing day-to-day management of the Computer Center in 1984, he concentrated his efforts on the acquisition and installation of the plastic essay $20-million-dollar IBM/Rolm Computerized Branch Exchange, not just a new telephone system for the University, but also a wiring plant that would eventually provide high-speed data access to university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, every building and room on church stanford address the Morningside campus. Open computing fully realized. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. CLICK HERE to see an hour-long 2007 Public Access TV interview with Bruce. 29 Dec 2015: Columbia's Cunix timesharing systems were switched from university carolina, Solaris 9 on 32-bit Sun Sparc servers that had been running since somewhere between 2001 and school, 2003, to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.6 on 64-bit x86_64 servers. In the intervening years, direct Unix shell use at Columbia has dwindled down to a handful of diehards, partly in ohio university the nature of the times moving on, but also because key services such as email had been removed from the university of notre dame 2016-2017 shell hosts.

Other once-common utilities like the FTP client and C-Kermit were not installed on ohio university the new Linux-based Cunix system, nor once-important math and statistical applications like Matlab and university of notre calendar, SAS, nor venerable programming languages like Fortran and university charlotte dance team, Snobol. But at least the university of notre regular GCC development environment remains for the few who still write C code, and EMACS for those who still do their text processing the old-fashioned and efficient way rather than the new annoying and labor-intensive way. The choice of bags essay Linux is calendar primarily market-based, not merely a matter of price or source-code availability, but of market dominance. Unix (of which both Solaris and Linux are variants) was originally a 1960s Bell Labs research project. Over time it became a proliferation of commercial products “solutions” that ran on specific hardware Solaris for Sun, HP-UX for Hewlett-Packard, AIX for IBM, etc. but all these have practically vanished by now. University Charlotte. Two free Unix implementations, Minix and Linux, were created about the same time, and of notre dame school calendar, Linux itself branched off into free (e.g.

Debian, Slackware) and corporate (e.g. Red Hat Enterprise) versions. Another branch, descending from the Bell Labs original via Berkeley Unix and including FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and university of north, friends, remains free community-sourced software. University Of Notre Dame Calendar. But big companies such as Columbia University prefer to essay, have the corporate ties that Red Hat offers. 29 Feb 2016: The central Sun Solaris-based CUNIX timesharing systems turned off after about of notre 2016-2017 school, 15 years of service, replaced by Linux servers. 12 Sep 2016: Engineering professor Leon Lidofsky * dies in Vermont at the age of 94. He was one of Columbia's earliest hands-on users of digital computers, establishing a computer lab on the second floor of the Engineering Terrace in the mid-1960s that included a room-sized minicomputer (SEL 810B), a tabletop DEC PDP-8, and various specialized equipment for data collection and analysis, one of only a handful of Columbia's departmental computing facilities at university carolina, the time. I first met him in university dame 2016-2017 calendar 1969 when I got a student job in his department. I graduated from the memorial stanford university school of General Studies in 1970 and left the department to find a real job, and wound up driving a taxi in Bronx. After a while Lee asked me to come back and university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, work in the department full-time as the administrator for a new program he was in charge of, dealing with the social responsibilities of engineers and ways they could be of public service. Speeches Essay. Really my job was just paper shuffling, but Lee knew that I had had “computer” training in the Army and university 2016-2017 school, soon I was doing all the key punching for the department.

After a while he asked me if I would like to write a program on university quad gameday boots his minicomputer. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School. He gave me a Fortran book and a few lessons and before long I had pretty much automated myself out of a job. Lee suggested I take advantage of my full-time staff position to take computer science courses in the department of EECS (as it was known then). It was a good fit, I liked the idea of having problems to work on that could actually be solved. As a sideline, Lee was a consultant in nuclear medicine at Mt. Sinai Hospital (click here for an example of hsc english essay help his work there).

When the Columbia project I was working on came to a close, he got me my first real programming job in university 2016-2017 Mt. Sinai's new Laboratory for university of alabama gameday Computer Science, and thus began my brilliant career as a software developer. Along the way I wrote some books and dame school calendar, always featured him in essay the acknowledgments, as in my last book ( Using C-Kermit, 2nd Ed .): “. University Of Notre. and to Lee Lidofsky, a Great Teacher, for a timely push in a good direction, a long time ago”. Incidentally, the computers at the Mt. Sinai lab were DEC PDP-11s, my first experience with a somewhat interactive (via Teletype) computer operating system, which led to the choice of a PDP-11 for Columbia's first timesharing system, which in turn led to the choice of big DECSYSTEM-20s as Columbia's primary academic computing platform, 1977-1988. Anyway, thanks to Lee I had a decent job with good salary and benefits that allowed me to raise a family and put my kids through college.

If not for Lee, I'd probably still be driving a cab! Arranging for avoid essay writer me (who was not even one of his students) to school calendar, have a good life was definitely not in his job description, but that's how he was. I'm sure there are a thousand other stories just like this one. It's interesting to ponder the hsc english speeches help transformation of Columbia from a quill-pen operation in the 1700s to the wired (and, increasingly, wireless) one it is today. Computers, obtained originally for scientific work that could not be done any other way, were also turned to administrative tasks such as registration, student records, payroll, and so on. What was the cost in money, space, and personnel before and after? And then later when centralized computing (based on dame 2016-2017 calendar a single multimillion dollar computer system) became fully distributed, with a PC on every desk, how did that change the overall expenditures, consumption of space and electrical power, personnel rosters, and the productivity of each person? Any clear answer would take a great deal more research than was done here, but the speeches following table is suggestive:

Sources: The 1925 figures come from Columbia's 1924-25 Catalog [5] and from the university 2016-2017 school 1924-25 Annual Report [35]; the death student count does not include another 12,916 summer session students; the officers of administration include 38 who are also on the faculty. The 2010 figures come from the Columbia University Statistical Abstract of the Office of Planning and Institutional Research (on the Web). Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. The growth in faculty is accounted for almost entirely by the Health Sciences campus, which did not exist in 1925. Although the role of plastic computing in staff and tuition increases is far from school, clear, it is evident that Columbia University was able to offer a first-class education to about 20,000 students annually with a lot less overhead and at speeches, far less expense without computers than with them, even accounting for inflation (which averaged 3.1% per university school calendar, year from ohio vs university, 1925 to 2000 or 987% over the period; thus if tuition had merely kept pace with inflation, it would have risen only to $79 per point rather than $834 in 2000). Of course, one can't necessarily blame computers alone for of notre calendar a topheavy bureaucracy -- since the university of kentucky 1950s, huge amounts of dame 2016-2017 additional work in the form of speeches essay reports (compliance, demographic, financial, etc) mandated by government, suppliers, and dame 2016-2017 calendar, contractors at every level. Anyway, as any student who registered in the old days (filling in countless forms by hand with the same information and standing in about 50 lines to turn in each form) can tell you, some of the new systems are an improvement.

Columbia is also a far bigger employer than it was in 1925 and it's a good thing that more people have work, even if it's pointless. University Of Alabama Quad. Or if you take a closer look, maybe it's not such a good thing. When the Computer Center opened in 1963, there was one big computer for of notre school everybody to prison experiment death race, use, cared for by a small professional staff, initially just 15 people. Today, the combined full-time staff of AcIS and university of notre, AIS (now CUIT) numbers well into the hundreds, and this doesn't count an the stanford death race unknown number of dame 2016-2017 calendar full and part-time computer people in the administrative and academic departments, nor junior faculty and graduate students shanghaied into system-administration roles, nor the fact that almost everybody at the University devotes copious time to quad, managing and fighting with their own desktop computers into university of notre dame the bargain, not to mention dealing (or worse: not) with the constant onslaught of viruses, worms, and of alabama quad gameday, hacks from university of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar, all corners of the world. One is tempted to wonder in university of alabama quad gameday boots exactly what way computers are labor-saving devices :-) But love 'em or hate 'em, computers and university dame 2016-2017, networks are with us to stay. They first came to Columbia for scientific and statistical work; now they are used mainly for social and entertainment purposes, plus taking notes in class, preparation of papers, a certain amount of course work, and for carrying on the business of the University, including a great deal of public relations. All students and faculty are presumed to have computer, network, and Web access; it is required in many courses and for numerous tasks such as looking up class schedules, room assignments, and grades, and since Fall 2001, also for registration.

The benefits of the ohio Web are well known but its dangers little discussed, at least not beyond the well-known safety hazards (credit-card theft, pedophiles, viruses) and annoyances (bugs and new features requiring constant software upgrades). 2016-2017. Let's look at ohio vs university, some of the university 2016-2017 more fundamental pitfalls that tend to be ignored as we rush to replace all that is old by what is new: For good or ill, the Web has largely replaced the address Library for undergraduate research. The benefits (again) are well-known, but increasingly, if it's not on the Web students don't see it. Furthermore, it's often difficult to assess the 2016-2017 school calendar information one finds on the Web. Published books and journal articles, at least, have some measure of quality control and some form of audit trail (you can check the university of alabama quad gameday primary sources yourself). University 2016-2017. At the very least, they are substantial and immutable objects that can be referenced -- when you look at writer, a book or article that I have referenced, you see the same one I saw. Web pages are ephemeral, likely to move, change, or disappear at any moment, and in any case rarely have the university 2016-2017 school authority of a refereed, printed publication. Since I wrote the previous item, the Web itself has been largely supplanted by Google and Wikipedia for research. Wikipedia is handy, to be sure, but how do you verify the accuracy of anything in it? Google, on university the other hand, is university 2016-2017 calendar a massive corporation whose only goal is making more and hsc english speeches, more money, and 2016-2017 school calendar, as part of achieving that goal, it controls the content we see.

Searches are still relatively fair and open, but Google News is pure corporate messaging. Nevertheless, Google can throw a switch at the stanford experiment, any moment to university school, hide entire bodies of knowledge or opinion it deems prejudicial to memorial stanford university address, its corporate health. In a new application of Gresham's Law, the university of notre Web tends to drive out reliable and detailed information, replacing it with unreliable and sketchy sound bites. Libraries full of books and journals are increasingly viewed as legacy brick and mortar operations that can no longer justify their existence in the age of electronic information. But those same libraries contain all that is the stanford race known of history, culture, and science. Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. What will become of our printed record, as it takes up coveted space and memorial church university address, decays? It can't all be digitized; that would be far too expensive and time-consuming. Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. Therefore much -- probably most -- of it will be lost to posterity. And then whatever portion was digitized before the paper was discarded or crumbled will itself be subject to successive rounds of winnowing as the digital media, encoding, and formats become obsolete and require upgrading. Repeated application of this process will leave only a tiny fragment of university quad what was available to university of notre dame, us in, say, 1980, and there will be no going back. New information is lost too.

It was relatively easy to trace the history of computing at Columbia through 1994 by the paper trail of help newsletters, books, paper correspondence files, and so on. After 1994, it's just a blur. If it was recorded at all, it was recorded on the Web or in e-mail, and there is no systematic archive of old Web pages and e-mails. What is new today will be old tomorrow. The Web is university school not eternal.

Something else is bound to appear that turns the Web into a deprecated legacy concept and the vast corpus of university charlotte dance team Web files will need conversion to university dame school calendar, the next thing, and the winnowing process will continue. I wrote the the stanford death previous sentence about 15 years ago. Today I see Vint Cerf, father of the Internet, saying the same thing at university 2016-2017, the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Jos. To paraphrase. Everything that's on the Internet today will be unintelligable garbage in the future and the 21st Century will be another Dark Ages, leaving no records of itself. Here's a link: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31450389. Here's another: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11410506/Print-out-digital-photos-or-risk-losing-them-Google-boss-warns.html. But don't expect them to last. [Search] Meanwhile, as of 2014, cell phones have squeezed out desktop computers as the main Web access method, forcing website to adapt by showing less content. i.e. sound bites instead of detailed information. Plastic Bags Essay. Similarly, emails with paragraphs of text have given way to short instant messages and Tweets. Storage and university 2016-2017 school, preservation of information -- printed or electronic -- costs money.

Money is a scarce resource, also needed for food, shelter, medical care, exhorbitant CEO compensation, senseless wars, and so on. University Of North Carolina Charlotte Dance Team. The legacy of humanity belongs to those with the 2016-2017 desire and of kentucky, the money to of notre school calendar, preserve it, and to keep preserving it, and they are ones who will decide what is worth preserving and what to discard. Columbia University 250th Anniversary (2004) CLICK HERE to visit Columbia's extensive website commemorating the university's 250th anniversary (and HERE and HERE and HERE for some computing history bits). Old means no error correction, compression, or hardware flow control. New modems are connected to ohio university vs university, (or integrated with) TCP/IP terminal servers; old ones were connected to school calendar, serial ports on the PACX or Rolm. Prior to 1985 it's hard to figure out -- specific phone numbers went to specific computers, etc; few comprehensive tables were published in the Newsletter or Guides to plastic writer, Facilities. Of Notre 2016-2017. The best I can say is that the number of dialin modems increased from 0 to 59 from the mid-1960s to 1985. Modem-pool expansion finally leveled off in 2002-2003, when DSL connections became possible from the home and AcIS began to bring neighborhood apartment buildings onto the high-speed campus network. The numbers reflect total accesses (hits) per year. The 1994 figures are extrapolated from the of north carolina charlotte dance last six weeks of 1994, and therefore probably a bit high. ADP Administrative Data Processing (of Columbia University)

AIS Administrative Information Services (new name of ADP) ANSI American National Standards Institute. APL A Programming Language (With Its Own Character Set) ARPA (US Defense Department) Advanced Research Projects Agency. ASCC Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (early IBM computer) ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASP Attached Support Processor. AUC Apple University Consortium. AUFS Appletalk UNIX File Server. BAL Basic (IBM 360 and 370) Assemly Language.

BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASR Bureau of Applied Social Research (of Columbia University) BCD Binary Coded Decimal. BCDIC Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. BITNET Because-It's-There Network (It = RSCS) BNF Backus-Naur Form. BPS Bits per Second. CAP Columbia Appletalk Package. CBX (IBM/Rolm/Siemens) Computerized Branch Exchange. CCNET Computer Center (or Columbia/Carnegie) Network (DECnet)

CE (IBM) Customer Engineer. CLIO Columbia Libraries Information Online. CMU Carnegie-Mellon University. COBOL Common Business Oriented Language. CPC Card Programmed Calculator. CP/M Control Program / Microcomputer. CPS Characters per of notre dame 2016-2017 school, Second. CRBE Conversational Remote Batch Entry. CREN Consortium for Research and of alabama quad gameday boots, Education Network. CRLF ASCII characters Carriage Return and dame 2016-2017, Line Feed - plaint-text line terminator. CRT Cathode-Ray Tube, e.g. a video terminal.

CUCC Columbia University Computer Center. CUCCA Columbia University Center for bags writer Computing Activities, new name of CUCC. CUIT Columbia University Information Technology, new name of CUCCA. CUNY City University of New York. CWRU Case Western Reserve University. DACU Device Attachment Control Unit (early IBM Ethernet adapter) DASD Direct Access Storage Device (IBM term for disk, pronounced dazdee) DAT Digital Audio Tape. DCMUP Same as DCS (not sure what it stands for). DCS Directly Coupled System (Columbia's IBM 7040 and 7094)

DEC Digital Equipment Corporation. DOS Disk Operating System. EAM Electric Accounting Machine (using punched cards) EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. EMACS Editing Macros (video editor by Richard Stallman) FORTRAN Formula Translator (first high-level programming language)

FE Field Engineer (DEC) FS Field Service (DEC) FSF Free Software Foundation. GNU GNU is Not UNIX (recursive acronym of the university of notre FSF) GUI Graphical User Interface. HASP Houston Automatic Spooling Program. HP Hewlett Packard Corporation. IBM International Business Machines Corporation.

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. JCL Job Control Language (OS/360, MVS, etc) JSYS Jump to System (DEC-20 monitor call) JVNCNET John von Neumann Supercomputer Center Network. KGB (Soviet) Committee for State Security. LAN Local Area Network (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc) LCG (DEC) Large Computer Group. LISP List Processing (language)

LPM Lines per Minute (speed of essay help line printer) MINCE MINCE Is Not Completely EMACS (EMACS semi-clone for CP/M) MOS Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (memory, as opposed to dame 2016-2017 calendar, magnetic cores or vacuum tubes) MSS (IBM) Mass Storage System. MTBF Mean Time Between Failures. MTTR Mean Time To Repair. NCR National Cash Register Corporation. NFS Network File System. NORC Naval Ordnance Reseach Calculator (early IBM computer built at Columbia U) NPG Network Planning Group (of Columbia U)

NSF National Science Foundation. NSFNET National Science Foundation Network. NYSERNET New York State Education and Research Network. OCS Office of Communications Services (of Columbia University) OS Operating System.

PACX Private Access Computer eXchange. PDP Programmed Data Processor. PDS Partitioned Data Set. PL/I Programming Language One. PPP Point-to-Point Protocol. RAID Redundant Array of hsc english Inexpensive Disk. RHNO Residence Hall Networking Option (at Columbia U) RJE Remote Job Entry.

RSCS Remote Spooling Communications Subsystem. RSTS/E Resource Sharing Time Sharing / Extended (DEC PDP-11 OS) SAIL Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (or Language) SE Software Engineer (DEC); Systems Engineer (IBM) Also see: FE, CE. SEL Systems Engineering Laboratories. SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol.

SNA (IBM) Systems Networking Architecture. SNOBOL String Oriented Language (pun on COBOL) SPITBOL (pun on university school calendar SNOBOL) SSIO Self-Service Input/Output (area at of north team, Columbia U) SIC Scholarly Information Center (at Columbia University) SOS Share Operating System (IBM 709) SOS Son Of Stopgap (PDP-10, DEC-20 text editor) SPOOL simultaneous peripheral operations on-line or simultaneous peripheral output on of notre school line. TOPS The Operating System (for PDP-10s and DEC-20s) UUCP UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program. VT Video Terminal.

Control panel (See plugboard) Core This word is still used synonymously with memory, but in fact refers to a specific memory technology used from about 1955 to 1975, in which each bit was a ferrite core, whose charge was controlled and sensed by plastic writer currents in wires passing through the core's hole. MORE HERE. CRT Cathode Ray Tube. The display screen in university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar a video terminal or a pre-flat panel television or personal computer.

More generally, any vacuum tube incorporating a mobile beam. 1950s-era computer memories were sometimes made of CRTs; for example, the of north carolina charlotte dance IBM 700-series CRT memories packed 1024 bits into a single tube (contrary to the popular image of one bit per tube). Drum Similar to a hard disk, except the recording surface is on the circumfrence, rather than on the flat end(s), and the read/write heads are fixed rather than moving. Thus it is a spinning cylinder with a stationary head array extending from end to end, with one fixed head per track. Because the heads are fixed, there is university 2016-2017 school calendar no seek time so access is memorial university address much faster than a moving-head disk.

Drums were used as main memory in early computers like the IBM 650 and university 2016-2017 school calendar, as swapping or paging devices in later computers such as the IBM 360/91 and the DEC PDP-11. An example is the IBM 2301 drum storage, about 1960. Also: (1) Any fixed-head disk or, by extension, any swapping device; (2) A Data Cell cylinder around which a tape strip is wrapped for reading and writing; (3) The print mechanism used in certain kinds of line printers, such as the DEC LP20: a constantly rotating metal cylinder with all the characters on it -- to print a specific character in a specific column, the corresponding hammer strikes the drum just when the plastic essay desired character is behind the paper and ink ribbon; (4) the electrostatic print-transfer mechanism in Xerographic or laser printers. Electric (or Electronic) Accounting Machine (EAM) EAMs were the workhorses of the of notre calendar 1930s-60s for accounting, payroll, and so on, before there were real stored-program computers. They were mainly mechanical; accumulating sums in gear registers. In fact, they are just late-model tabulating machines with a bit more flexibility and usually a built-in line printer. CLICK HERE to see examples. Paper Tape A long strip of heavy paper, usually an inch wide, in which holes could be punched, 5 to 9 per row. For computer use, usually 8 holes were used: 7 data bits and 1 parity bit.

Paper tape was also used in telecommunications (telex) and in the printing industry as the university of north carolina dance team input medium for university school hot-metal typesetting machines and avoid plastic essay writer, is still used for numerical control of milling and drilling machines. Computer applications of paper tape included automated data input and output, as on the ASR33 Teletype or the IBM 1620 computer, object-module output by compilers (on computers that did not have disks -- for university of notre school example, the the stanford prison experiment death race output of university school a Fortran compiler), and printer control loops (see story at the end of this page). For heavy-duty applications such as the experiment death race latter, Mylar was used rather than paper. The typical recording density was 10 rows (bytes) per inch. Punching and reading speeds varied from 10 rows per second up to 2000. University Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. Paper tape originally came in rolls (as used in the IBM SSEC), but by the 1960s, fan-fold was more common, and in fact many computer companies distributed software in this form (e.g. for the DEC PDP-8). An incorrectly punched row could be deleted by punching all the holes; this is the origin of the avoid plastic bags essay writer ASCII RUB (Rubout, Delete) character, 0x7F (all 1's). Editing could also be accomplished by cutting and university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, splicing. Of North Carolina Charlotte. More at of notre dame school calendar, the University of Amsterdam Computing History Museum. Plugboard, Patch Board, Patch Panel, Control Panel IBM EAM equipment (accounting machines, sorters, reproducing punches, interpreters, etc) as well as some of its early calculators (computers) were programmed through control panels rectangular boards with an array of holes, which are interconnected by wires to specify the desired functions, e.g. Help. which card columns are to be sent to which accumulator, or printed to which printer columns, etc. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. Photos and more info: [HERE] [HERE] [HERE] [HERE] and [HERE].

Punched Card A stiff cardboard rectangle in church which holes can be punched and then later read by various devices (see Unit Record Equipment). Of Notre. Punchcards date back to carolina team, the 1700s, and can be found in many formats. IBM punchcards (after 1928) were 7 3/8 inches wide and 3 1/4 high, with three rounded corners and 2016-2017 school, the upper left corner cut diagonally, and twelve 80-column rows for small rectangular holes. Bags. Large sites like Columbia often had their cards preprinted with corporate logos. Until the early 1970s, virtually all computing jobs at 2016-2017 school, Columbia were submitted on decks of cards punched on key punch machines. Stanford Address. Decks of cards could also be output from the computer using high-speed online punches such as the of notre calendar IBM 2540. Use of cards at Columbia declined until 1986, when the last card readers were removed. Plastic Bags. As late as 2010, however, voting machines in New York were still based on punched card technology.

Relay An electromechanical device or switch that automatically controls the current in one circuit based on the current in of notre 2016-2017 calendar another circuit, used in 1940s-era calculators and memorial church stanford university address, computers such as the Aberdeens, the SSEC, and the Bell relay calcalators. Remote Job Entry Or RJE. In the mainframe era, before interactive terminals, jobs were submitted on decks of cards and results obtained on a line printer or other local device. These devices were attached to the mainframe by cables that could not be very long, maybe 150 feet max. To access the mainframe from greater distances required a Remote Job Entry station: usually a card reader and line printer connected to some kind of controller, connected by of notre dame 2016-2017 (usually synchronous) modem to the central site.

Typically an RJE user would put a deck of cards in the hopper, push Start, and wait an unpredictable amount of time for the results to come out of the university of north carolina charlotte dance printer. One of many examples of the widespread use of RJE was the New York City public school system in the 1970s, where each school had an RJE station connected to the big mainframe(s) at Board of Education. The IBM RJE interface was fairly well standardized, so it also came to double as a connection for other kinds of university of notre school calendar computers -- a kind of early networking, in which traffic in one direction was in 80-column card images, and traffic in speeches the reverse direction was 132-column printer lines. Tabulating Machine A machine capable of reading punched cards and university dame school calendar, either sorting them into charlotte team selected bins or adding up the numbers punched into selected columns. Tabulating machines were used from 1890 through the 1950s or 60s for statistical, financial, and even scientific applications. CLICK HERE for examples. Terminal A typewriter-like device by university of notre dame 2016-2017 which a person interacts with a computer. University Of Alabama Gameday Boots. It has a keyboard and either paper to print on or else a video screen (certain special kinds of terminals might also have Braille pads or text-to-voice interpreters). The keystrokes are sent to the computer and university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, (in some cases) also echoed locally on the display device (paper or screen).

Characters arriving from the computer are sent to the display device. Video terminals sometimes have an plastic essay writer attached printer. Early hardcopy terminals included Teletypes and university of notre 2016-2017 school, electric typewriters wired for communication, such as the university quad boots IBM 2741; later ones include dot-matrix models such as the university dame calendar DECwriter. The best-known video terminal is the DEC VT100; video terminals were popular from the stanford university address mid-1970s until about 1990 (and are still used today in certain specialized applications like data entry and transaction processing; until not so long ago, every winter TV news reporters visit the university dame calendar NYC Heat Complaint Bureau, and every year they were still using IBM 3270 green tubes). Prison Race. The best-known graphics terminal is the Tektronix 4010.

Although few real terminals are still in operation, terminals are widely emulated by university the PC, Macintosh, and other workstation software that allows us to ohio of kentucky, access our shell accounts. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. TTY Teletype (see Terminal) . Unit Record Equipment Usually used to of alabama gameday boots, refer to any equipment that reads or punches cards, such as a key punch, card reader, sorter, collator, reproducer, or interpreter. Strictly speaking, any device for university 2016-2017 school which a record (rather than a character) is the physical unit of input or output, therefore also including line printers. My recollections and notes, 1965-present. The Columbia University Computer Center Newsletter, 1966-1994 (when it ceased publication). Gilchrist, Bruce, Forty Years of Computing , CUCCA Newlsetter V13#16 (4 Nov 1981). Bashe, Charles J.; Lyle R. Johnson; John H. Palmer; Emerson W. Pugh, IBM's Early Computers , MIT Press (1985). Columbia University Catalogue , 1924-1925. Columbia University Computer Center General Information Manual , Volume I (June 1965). Columbia University Bulletin: Computing Activities (1976). Rogers, William, Think; a biography of the the stanford prison death Watsons and IBM , Stein and university of notre dame school, Day, NY (1969).

Brennan, Jean Ford, The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History , IBM, Armonk NY (1971) (Columbiana CZI B75; Prentis Q183.5 .W3 B7). Columbia Computer Center , 2 Jan 1963 (summary of quad gameday facilities and procedures). Of Notre Dame School Calendar. Admini-Bits (the Columbia University Administrative Data Processing Newsletter), V2#6 (Sep 1988). Dolkart, Andrew S., Morningside Heights: A History of its Architecture and Development , Columbia University Press, 1998, and correspondence with Prof. Dolkart (Jan 2001). McCullers, Carson, and Dews C.L. Barney, Illumination and help, Night Glare: The Unfinished Autobiography of Carson McCullers , University of Wisconsin Press (1999). Asteroff, Janet, CUCCA Terminal and Plotter User Manual (Nov 1982). Bell System Technical Journal , Special issue devoted UNIX 7th Edition, Volume 57, Number 6, Part 2 (August 1978). University 2016-2017. Brader, Mark, A Chronology of Digital Computing, to 1952 (online).

Koenig, Seymour H., Interview (22 Jan 2001). AIS Supervisor Joe Sulsona Retires After 42 Years , Columbia University Record Vol. 26, No 11 (19 Jan 2001). Gilchrist, Bruce, Report to the Committee on dance team Instructional Computing (the Collery Committee), Columbia University (21 April 1980). Hallinan, Nuala, A History of Administrative Data Processing , Columbia University, September 1988 (produced for the Computer Center's 25th Anniversary commemoration), with 1991 update. University School Calendar. Announcement of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory and church, a Program of Graduate Studies in Applied Mathematics , Columbia University Bulletin, Fifty-eighth Series, No.39, September 27, 1948.

Arctander, Eric, Trig Homework? Consult Watson Labs , Columbia Daily Spectator, 18 October 1948. IBM Establishes Computing Laboratory at Columbia University , News Release, Columbia University Department of Public Information, 6 February 1945. King, Kenneth M., Columbia University Computer Center Report , August 1967 to December 1968. Guide to Facilities , Columbia Computer Center, September 1972. Sills, David L., Paul F. Of Notre. Lazarsfeld, 1901-1976, A Biographical Memoir , National Academy of the Sciences, Washington DC, 1987. Barton, Judith S., ed., Guide to the Bureau of Applied Social Research , Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc, New York City, 1984. The Stanford Prison Death. The Columbia University Archives and university 2016-2017, Columbiana Library: Central Files, Indexed in The Administrative Records of Columbia University, 1890-1971 . Halford, Ralph S., Proposal to the National Science Foundation for Support of a Computing Center to speeches, be Established at Columbia University , May 1961. News Release #10,099, Columbia University News Office, 18 Jul 1963.

Mace, David, and Joyce Alsop, A Simplified System for the Use of an Automatic Calculator , Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University / IBM, 1957 (COVER). 2016-2017 School. Proposal for IBM 360 Model 92 [sic], to Dr. Kenneth M. King, Columbia Computer Center, IBM, 21 May 1965. University Center for university carolina Computing Activities: EDP Review for university of notre Columbia University , IBM, May 1974. Strauss, Robert, When Computers Were Born , The Times Mirror Company, 1996. Annual Report of the President and Treasurer to the Trustees with Accompanying Documents for the Year Ending June 30, 1925 , Columbia University, New York, 1926.

Letter of Dean Ralph S. Halford to of alabama quad gameday boots, Prof. Maurice Ewing, 19 Aug 1963 (9 pages), Columbiana Archives. University Calendar. Pure Scientists of prison death race Morningside, Business Machines , General Section, IBM, September 1, 1954. Dame Calendar. Aspray, William, Was Early Entry a Competitive Advantage? US Universities That Entered Computing in the 1940s, IEEE Annals of the plastic writer History of Computing , Volume 22, Number 3, July-September 2000. Of Notre 2016-2017 School Calendar. Lippsett, Laurence, Maurice Ewing and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Magazine , Winter 2001. Carolina Charlotte Dance Team. Pugh, Emerson W., Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and its Technology , The MIT Press (1995). Dame School. Sachnoff, Neil, Secrets of Installing a Telephone System , Telecomm Library Inc, New York (1989). There's a Computer on the Columbia Campus, Columbia Reports , March 1971.

Wilson, Gregory V., The History of the Development of Parallel Computing , University of Toronto. Austrian, Geoffrey, Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing , Columbia University Press (1982). Hsc English Speeches. Grier, David Alan, When Computers Were Human, Princeton University Press (2005). AND. Grier, David Alan, The First Breach of Computer Security?, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Volume 23, Number 2, April-June 2001. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 Calendar. NOTE: These should be two separate references but evidently the second one was inserted here by mistake when it should have gone at the end, thus throwing off all the subsequent reference numbers. Sorry! Stoll, Clifford, The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy through the Maze of memorial church Computer Espionage , Doubleday, New York (1989). Dame School. Black, Edwin, IBM and the Holocaust , Crown Publishers, New York (2001).

Also search for holocaust at the IBM website. Avoid Plastic. Columbia University Alumni Register 1754-1931 , Columbia University Committee on of notre dame General Catalogue, Frank D. Fackenthal (Chairman), Columbia University Press, New York (1932). Fajman, Roger, and John Borgelt, Stanford University Computation Center, WYLBUR: An Interactive Text Editing and Remote Job Entry System, CACM, V15 #5 (May 1973). Eckert, W.J., Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation , The Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University, Lancaster Press, Inc., Lancaster PA (January 1940). Reprinted in 1984 by the Charles Babbage Institute, MIT, and Tomash Publishers with a new introduction by J.C. McPherson.

IBM Oral History Project on Computer Technology, Interview TC-1, with W.J. Plastic Writer. Eckert (11 July 1964). Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Mackenzie, Charles E., Coded Character Sets, History and Development , Addison-Wesley (1980). Speeches Essay. Trimble, George R., A Brief History of university dame school calendar Computing, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Volume 23, Number 3 (July-September 2001). Applelbaum, Lauren, Student on Quest for university gameday Sundial's Lost Ball, Columbia Daily Spectator , Vol.CXXV No.139 (5 Dec 2001). Dame 2016-2017 School Calendar. Quarterman, John S., The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide Digital Press (1990). Tsividis, Yannis, Edwin Armstrong, Pioneer of the Airwaves, Columbia Magazine (Spring 2002).

Grosch, Herbert R.J., Computer: Bit Slices from charlotte, a Life , Third Millenium Books, Novato CA (1991), ISBN 0-88733-085 [3rd ed mss)]. They All Came to See the NORC, Business Machines , General Section, IBM (23 December 1954), pp.8-9. Grosch, Herb, private correspondence (May 2003 - 2010). A Conversation with Herb Grosch , ACM Ubiquity , Volume 2, Issue 39 (4-10 December 2001). Schreiner, Ken, private correspondence (May 2003). Berkeley, Edmund, Giant Brains: or, Machines that Think , John Wiley Sons, NY (1949). The first book about computers for a general nontechnical audience. Fact Sheet on Simon , Columbia University Public Information Office (18 May 1950).

Eckert, Wallace J, and Rebecca Jones, Faster, Faster: a simple description of a giant electronic calculator and the problems it solves , McGraw-Hill, New York (1955). King, Kenneth, private correspondence (July-August 2003). Of Notre 2016-2017 Calendar. Hankam, Eric, interviews (11 July and university of alabama gameday boots, 4 November 2003). University Of Notre 2016-2017 School. Eckert, Wallace J., Watson Laboratory Summary of Activities -- Quarterly Report: July-September 1955 , Memorandum to IBM's J.C. McPherson (17 November 1955). W.J.E. (Wallace J. Eckert), The I.B.M. Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator , Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, Volume III, Number 23 (June 1948), pp.

149-161. Aspray, William (Ed.), Computing Before Computers , Iowa State University Press, ISBN 0-8138-0047-1 (1990). Ceruzzi, Paul E. Reckoners: The Prehistory of the university carolina charlotte dance Digital Computer, from Relays to dame 2016-2017 calendar, the Stored Program Concept, 1935-1945 (Contributions to the Study of Computer Science, No.1) , Greenwood Press (1983). Bergin, Thomas J. (Ed.), 50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC , A Record of a Symposium and hsc english speeches essay help, Celebration November 13 and university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, 14 (1996), Aberdeen Proving Ground. Ceruzzi, Paul E. Crossing the Divide: Architectural Issues and the Emergence of the Stored Program Computer, 1935-1955, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Vol. Ohio University. 19 No. University 2016-2017. 1 (1997).

Winegrad, Dilys, and Atsushi Akera, A Short History of the memorial church stanford university address Second American Revolution, University of Pennsylvania Almanac , Vol.42 No.18 (30 Jan 1996). On the Web HERE. John McPherson, Computer Engineer , an oral history conducted in 1992 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Grosch, Herbert R.J, Editor, Proceedings, IBM Scientific Computation Forum , IBM: Endicott NY (1948). W.J.E. (Wallace J. Eckert), The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation , Vol.3, No.23 (Jul 1948), pp.149-161. University Dame. W.J.E. (Wallace J. Eckert) and prison death, Ralph F. Haupt, The Printing of Mathematical Tables, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation , Vol.2, No.17 (Jan 1947), pp.197-202. McPherson, John C., Introduction and Biographical Note on Wallace Eckert in the 1984 reprint of [50]. Stibitz, G.R., A Note on 'Is' and 'Might Be' in Computers, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation , Vol.4, No.31 (Jul 1950), pp.168-169. W.J.E. (Wallace J. Eckert), Mathematical Tables on Punched Cards, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation , Vol.1, No.12 (Oct 1945), pp.433-436. Eckert, Wallace J., Calculating Machines, Encyclopedia Americana (1958).

Eckert, Wallace J., Letter to Mr. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017. G.W. Baehne, IBM, 270 Broadway, NYC (9 Jan 1934). Eckert, W.J., Electrons and Computation, The Scientific Monthly , Vol. LXVII, No. Ohio University Of Kentucky. 5 (Nov 1948). Eckert, Wallace J., Transcript, Systems Service Class No. 591 (Aerial Navigation) for the US Army Air Corps; Department of Education, International Business Machines, Endicott NY (8 Sep 1944). Jones, Walter D., Watson and Me: A Life at dame 2016-2017, IBM, edited by Don Black, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Vol.

25 No. 3 (Jul-Sep 2003), p.15. Eckert, W.J., The Astronomical Hollerith-Computing Bureau, Publications of the university vs university Astronomical Society of the Pacific , Vol.49, No.291 (Oct 1937), pp.249-253. Smith, Harry F., interview, 8 Sep 2003. Eckert, Wallace, Correspondence and papers, 1935-1971, archived at the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Eckert, W.J., Facilities of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Proceedings of the Research Forum , IBM, Endicott NY (Aug 1946), pp.75-84. Gutzwiller, M.C., Wallace Eckert, Computers, and the Nautical Almanac Office in 2016-2017 Fiala, Alan D., and hsc english essay, Steven J. Dick (editors), Proceedings, Nautical Almanac Office Sesquicentennial Symposium , U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington DC, March 3-4, 1999, pp.147-163. University Dame School. Baehne, George W. (IBM), Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities , Columbia University Press (1935); hardbound, 442 pages, 257 figures. Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, Research Professor, University of Virginia Astronomy Department, private correspondence, Sept-Oct 2003 and April 2004.

Prof. Seidelmann was at the US Naval Observatory from 1965 to the stanford prison death, 2000 and is a historian of the Naval Observatory. Interrogation NAV No. 75, USSBS No. 378, Tokyo, 13-14 Nov 1945: Admiral Soemu Toyoda (Chief of of notre school calendar Naval General Staff from May 1945), United States Strategic Bombing Survey [Pacific], Naval Analysis Division: Interrogations of the stanford prison Japanese Officials , Volume II, OPNAV-P-03-100 (1946), p.319. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey: Japan's Struggle to End the War . Chairman's Office, 1 July 1946, p.13. Stimson, Henry L., and university dame 2016-2017 school calendar, McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War , Harper, NY (1948), p.618. Krawitz, Eleanor, The Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory: A Center for Scientific Research Using Calculating Machines, Columbia Engineering Quarterly (Nov 1949). IBM Technical Newsletter , No.3, Applied Science Department, International Business Machines Corporation, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y., 22-8823-0-3M-LB-P (Dec 1951). IBM Watson Lab Three-Week Course on Computing, Class Lists (1947-56). Buderi, Robert, The Invention That Changed the memorial university World (How a small group of Radar pioneers won the university dame 2016-2017 school Second World War and launched a technological revolution), Simon Schuster, New York (1996).

Grosch, Herbert R.J., Early Women in Computing, Communications of the ACM , Vol.38 No.4 (April 1995) (1996). Dick, Steven J., Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830-2000 , Cambridge University Press (2002), ISBN 0-521-81599-1, 609pp. Backus, John, private correspondence, July 2004. Eames, Charles and speeches help, Ray, A Computer Perspective: Background to the Computer Age , Harvard University Press. First Edition 1973; Second Edition 1990. Catalog of a unique computer history exhibit at IBM headquarters in 1971. Knuth, Donald, The Art of Computer Programming , Vol.3 Sorting and Searching, Addison-Wesley (1973); Section 5.5, pp.382-384 [the link is to the 1998 revised edition].

Eckert, W.J., The IBM Department of Pure Science and the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Educational Research Forum Proceedings , IBM, Endicott NY (Aug 1947), pp.31-36. Bellovin, Steve, personal correspondence, January 2006. Now a member of Columbia's Computer Science faculty after many years at Bell Labs / ATT Labs, Steve, as a Columbia student in 1968-69, worked at the IBM Watson Lab building on 115th Street doing system administration tasks on an IBM 1130. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School. Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R., Palmer, John H., IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems , MIT Press (1991). Jeenel, Joachim, Programming For Digital Computers , McGraw-Hill (1959), 517 pages [IBM 650].

Andree, Richard V., Programming the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Computer and Data-Processing Machine , Henry Holt and Co., New York (1958). Andree, Richard V., Computer programming and related mathematics for the IBM 1620 computer . Heide, Lars, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880--1945 (Studies in Industry and Society), Johns Hopkins University Press (2009). Grier, David Alan, Too Soon To Tell: Essays for avoid bags the End of The Computer Revolution (Perspectives), Wiley-IEEE Computer Society (2009) B. Gilchrist, J. Pomerence and dame school, S.Y. Wong, Fast carry logic for ohio university digital computers, IRE Transactions on university 2016-2017 calendar Electronic Computers , EC-4 (Dec.1955), 133-136. Digital Computer Newsletter, Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division, Vol.10, No.4, October 1958 [PDF]. Digital Computer Newsletter, Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division, Vol.12, No.3, July 1960 [PDF]. Reid-Green, Keith S., The History of Census Tabulation, Scientific American , February 1989, pp.98-103. Ohio University Vs University. Columbia University Computer Center Project Abstracts, July 1971 to June 1972. Paperbound, about 250 pages (COVER).

Columbia University Computer Center Project Abstracts, July 1972 to June 1973. Paperbound, about university of notre dame school calendar, 250 pages (COVER). Geschichte der IBM in avoid bags Deutschland (IBM). National Science Foundation, Twelfth Annual Report for university of notre calendar the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1962: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Science Facilities: Establishment of a Computing Center , $100,00 [for the first year]. Tanenbaum, Andrew S., Lessons Learned from the stanford prison experiment, 30 Years of MINIX , CACM, Vol.59 No.3, March 2016, pp.70-78. Jones, Steven E, Roberto Busa, S.J., and the Emergence of Humanities Computing: The Priest and 2016-2017 school calendar, the Punched Card , Routledge (2016).

Includes chapter on the SSEC. Sources are listed in memorial address the order they were encountered. V nn # n refers to the Columbia University Computer Center Newsletter Volume/Number except where noted.

Feb 13, 2018 University of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, order your own writing help now -

anaylsis essay You’ve been staring at your blank computer screen for what feels like hours, trying to figure out how to start your analytical essay. You try to choose between writing the introduction first or getting right into the meat of it. But somehow, it seems too difficult to do either. What you need is is a blueprint—a foolproof way to get your essay structured. Then all you have to do is fill in university of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, the blanks.

By Anonymous [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. What an of north charlotte dance team Analytical Essay Is—And What It Isn’t. Helpful, right? Um, not so much. First, it might be more useful to explain what an analytical essay isn’t before getting to what it is . An analytical essay isn’t a summary. Though this may seem obvious in theory, it’s more difficult in practice.

If you read your essay and it sounds a lot like a book report, it’s probably only summarizing events or characters. One way to figure out of notre dame 2016-2017, if you’re summarizing instead of analyzing is to look at university of north carolina charlotte dance team, your support. Are you simply stating what happened, or are you relating it back to your main point? Okay, so what is an analytical essay, exactly ? Usually, it’s writing that has a more narrowed focus than a summary. Analytical essays usually concentrate on how the book or poem was written—for example, how certain themes present themselves in the story, or how the use of metaphor brings a certain meaning to a poem.

In short, this type of university dame 2016-2017 school, essay requires you to look at the smaller parts of the work to help shed light on the larger picture. An example of of alabama gameday, a prompt—and the example I’m going to use for the rest of of notre 2016-2017, this post—could be something like: Analyze the theme of sacrifice in the Harry Potter series. (Note: there might be some spoilers, but I figured everyone who was planning on the stanford reading the books has done so already—or at least has seen the movies.) One Way To Form Your Analytical Essay Outline. There are quite a few ways to organize your analytical essay, but no matter how you choose to write it, your essay should always have three main parts: I’ll get into the nitty-gritty of this soon, but for all you visual learners, here is a nice representation of all the components that make a great analytical essay outline. You can see that I’ve added a few more details than just the introduction, body, and university school calendar conclusion. But hold your horses—we’re getting to those parts right now. Introduction of Your Analytical Essay Outline. The purpose of your introduction is to get the reader interested in university quad gameday, your analysis. Dame 2016-2017? The introduction should include at least three things—a hook, your thesis statement, and a sentence or two describing how you intend to prove your thesis statement. 1. You gotta hook ‘em from the hsc english speeches essay help start. The first part of your introduction should draw the reader in. This is of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar called the hook.

The hook should be interesting or surprising. You can achieve this by asking a rhetorical question, giving some relevant statistics, or making a statement that’s unusual or controversial. For my Harry Potter example, I might say, “Since the publication of the first book in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone , some Christian groups have attacked the books for promoting witchcraft. However, one of the main themes of the books draws inspiration from memorial church stanford university Christianity itself—that of sacrifice.” Okay, so that’s two sentences. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017? But it’s got a little bit of controversy and relates to what the stanford address rest of the dame 2016-2017 calendar essay will discuss. 2. Get to the good stuff—write a killer thesis statement. Ohio University Vs University? Okay, so now that you’ve got your reader hooked, you need to start getting to the point. This is where the thesis statement comes in. My thesis might be, “The theme of of notre dame 2016-2017 school, sacrifice is prevalent throughout the series and is embodied as sacrifice for avoid bags the greater good, sacrifice for an ultimate gain, and sacrifice to keep a promise.” 3. University Of Notre Dame School? It’s time to back up your thesis. Let the reader know how you’re going to university of alabama quad, prove your claim.

For my example, I would let the reader know that I intend to dame calendar, analyze the instances of Harry’s “death,” Voldemort’s sacrifice of church address, his soul in exchange for immortality, and how Snape sacrifices in order to of notre dame school, honor a promise made to Lily Potter. These points will be the building blocks of the body paragraphs. Body of Your Analytical Essay Outline. The body is where you can start to get really creative and play around with formatting. In the flowchart, there are three body paragraphs. Writer? But that’s because I was trained in the 5-paragraph outline. But you can include as many or as few body paragraphs as you want—as long as you end up thoroughly supporting your thesis. For my outline, each body paragraph includes a topic sentence, followed by three sets of university dame 2016-2017, claims, evidence to support those claims, and how that evidence ties back to the topic sentence. Again, three is not necessarily a magic number here. You could make one claim with a lot of evidence, or five claims to support your topic sentence. University Of North Carolina Dance Team? But let’s get into dame school it, shall we?

1. Develop a strong topic sentence. Each topic sentence in each body paragraph of your analytical essay outline should tell the reader exactly what that section is going to be about. My first body paragraph might start with, “Harry Potter is willing to fulfill prophecy and make the ultimate sacrifice—that of his life—in order to university quad gameday boots, save the rest of the university wizarding world.” 2. Make your claim. The claim should dive into a smaller part of the overarching topic sentence. The topic sentence I gave can be broken down into several smaller claims—that Harry knew that he was fulfilling prophecy, that he was actually willing to die, and that his death would be of profound significance. 3. Quad? Provide evidence from the text to back your claim.

You can’t just go around making claims without any support. You can use quotes or paraphrase parts of the text to of notre calendar, add evidence. For evidence that Harry knew that he was fulfilling prophecy, you could cite the instance in the hall of prophecies with the quote, “and either must die at the hand of the other for neither can live while the other survives.” 4. Tie that evidence to university gameday, the topic sentence. You have to university of notre 2016-2017 school, make it absolutely clear why you included the ohio vs university of kentucky evidence. University Of Notre School? If you don’t, your analytical essay runs the risk of being a summary. For example, with the citing of the carolina dance team prophecy, I would tell the reader that Harry and of notre calendar his friends found said prophecy and figured out memorial stanford, that it had to 2016-2017 school calendar, be about him (although there are objections that it could’ve been referring to Neville, but we’ll leave that out of plastic essay writer, this example). They knew that either Voldemort had to die or Harry did, and he had to be willing to do that. Of Notre School Calendar? They’re not needed in the outline, but when you write your final essay, be sure you include effective transitions. This will help your essay flow.

Conclusion of Your Analytical Essay Outline. After you’ve built up all of your body paragraphs, given the university of alabama gameday appropriate evidence to back your claims, and tied that evidence to your awesome topic sentences, you’re ready to wrap it all up. The conclusion should be a brief restatement of your main points without being a direct copy. For example, “There are many motivations behind sacrifice—to help others, to help oneself, or to keep a promise to a loved one—and J.K. Rowling explores several of university of notre dame school, them through the help characters in the Harry Potter book series.” This, of course, does not suffice as a full conclusion. To fill it out and give the reader a sense of closure, you can relate the theme to the real world or end with a final quote from the text or the author.

Use This Downloadable Analytical Essay Outline as a Guide. Easy, right? I know you’re pumped to get started, but before you do, I have a template for the analytical essay outline for you to download. Of course, your instructor’s directions will trump mine, so if they say to do something a specific way, I won’t be offended if you take their advice over university of notre 2016-2017, mine. And don’t forget about the Kibin editors. When your analytical essay is all typed up, they can help you make sure that it’s as good as it can get. Psst. 98% of Kibin users report better grades!

Get inspiration from over avoid bags essay writer, 500,000 example essays. About the Author. University Dame School? Eden Meirow is a self-employed freelance writer with a passion for the stanford experiment English, history and education. You can find her on Google+. dis was absooltelee fantasteec thxc you 4 de owwline. awesome! Glad you liked it. 2016-2017 School? #128578; @naomi_tepper:disqus Oh my Gosh! this was amazing thank you so much! This helped a lot with my Economics essay for Humanities 6 World Studies!

Woot woot! Happy to help. #128578; Thanks for the comment. This is undoubtedly very much helpful#8230; Thanks a lot. You#8217;re welcome! Thanks for memorial the comment and thanks for of notre dame calendar reading. Hsc English Speeches Help? #128578; Hi#8230;.Eden thank you for orienting me on how to structure an analytical essay. because of many reasons which i don#8217;t like to name writing an analytical essay has been my Achilies Hill.

Your effort in writing this article has thrown much need light as far as I#8217;m concerned. I look forward to your reply on the question of university of notre 2016-2017 school, structuring of analytical political essay on memorial church university issues like say Affirmative Action or Constitutionalism. Thank you for your kind words. In regards to writing a political analytical essay, it varies depending on the course and the requirements of your instructor. However, you can follow the 2016-2017 school same advice in this post. Introduction with a hook and thesis, body paragraphs that make claims with evidence to support those claims, and a conclusion that wraps it all up. The main difference is that you#8217;ll have to do more research than reading just one book. (And make sure to university of north carolina charlotte team, cite your sources.) I hope that helped! Thank you, this will help ? This was really useful I went through so many websites the finally got this one. Sweet!

Glad you found it helpful. University Dame 2016-2017 Calendar? hi this is great. Fabulous! Happy to help. How would I write an university carolina dance team analytic essay using dramatic conventions? I#8217;m supposed to university of notre dame calendar, write an essay on The Tempest from Shakespeare using dramatic conventions and I#8217;m not doing so well at understanding how to do it. basically it#8217;s also asking me #8220;how dramatic conventions make the avoid plastic bags essay reader see characters in a certain way. Please respond to this if you can. I think that I would devote one body paragraph to each of the dramatic conventions that you#8217;re covering in your paper. For instance, in one paragraph, if you are writing about the dame conventions of university gameday boots, soliloquy, the university dame 2016-2017 school calendar play-within-a-play convention, and asides (these are the first three conventions I thought of #8212; I#8217;m not sure which ones you#8217;ve studied in class), then you could devote one body paragraph to each of these topics and their influence on ohio university of kentucky how the audience views the characters. I hope this puts you on of notre 2016-2017 the right track! I have two write an university vs university essay about Animals by O#8217;Hara and how it reflects the innocence and university dame 2016-2017 school simplicity of childhood.

I don#8217;t know how to the stanford experiment death race, start. Could anyone suggest the first sentence of the introduction? I#8217;ve already got my outline #128578; Hi Lily Awesome that you have your outline ready to go. You might want to start with the quintessential quote from the text that stands out as reflecting these qualities of innocence/childhood simplicity. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School? For more great hook sentence tips visit: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/good-hook-sentences/ This is amazing and avoid plastic essay extremely helpful! Thank you author. Hey, thanks for reading and for the nice comment! I#8217;ll be sure to show the author. #128578; do you eat pussy? Haha!

Awesome. We#8217;re happy to help, but don#8217;t sell yourself short just because of your blonde hair. #128578; great site but second para 24th word should be ALWAYS not away. dont take this as offensive but im just trying to dame, improve this site that is all. Thanks for keeping us on avoid plastic essay our toes, Shayan! No offense taken #8212; we#8217;ll get that updated #128578; Great blog post ! Just to add my thoughts if you are wanting a Express Evictions 3-Day Notice to Pay Rent or Quit , my secretary came across a blank version here https://goo.gl/nlOqzY. Hi there! Although this was really helpful for literary analysis, I was wondering if you had an idea as to how to apply this to of notre school, historical analysis. Speeches Essay? I have to write about the effects of European migration, warfare, and disease on dame school Native Americans, and was thinking of university of alabama gameday boots, finding 3 specific examples of each and explaining the effect that each had on Native Americans. Is this a good plan? You could *definitely* apply this framework to a historical analysis, yes! As Eden mentions, you can have as many body paragraphs as you want, so you could devote a single paragraph to each of your examples #8212; giving you 9 body paragraphs.

Since that would get pretty lengthy, you could add a header before each of your 3-paragraph sections to keep your paper organized. DIOS MIO! this is university dame calendar really helpful. Woot! That#8217;s awesome. So happy you found this post helpful. #128578; Thanks for the kind comment. This is stanford university so helpful, thank you. I have to write an analytical essay about The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara and I#8217;m stuck. This is my second essay and on the first I received a C #128577; I don#8217;t know how to start and 2016-2017 it isn#8217;t even about the charlotte dance whole book, its only for half the book. Please help.

Starting is dame calendar definitely the ohio university vs university of kentucky hardest part sometimes :/ thanks so much for your blog. you have made it very easy for me to understand this (horrible) essay. I have to write my first Analytical essay. kind regards to dame 2016-2017, you. And thanks to prison experiment death, you for university of notre dame 2016-2017 school reading! Good luck with your essay #8212; you#8217;ve got this. I have to write an analytical essay for my college English course, and of alabama its about an American folk song called #8220;Frankie and Johnny#8221; and of notre dame 2016-2017 calendar im stuck in how to begin it! my professor gave me an example on how to start, she said #8220;to summarize a short definition of of alabama, North American folk music from Oxford Music Online#8221; please help. A definition is of notre school one way to start your essay, sure! This post contains lots more great advice (plus you can sign up for 14 hook types + examples in avoid bags writer, the bottom right corner): https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/good-hook-sentences/ Damn am I thirsty, any fine white beothches dtf.

NAH MEAN. Thank you so much. I was dying a moment ago. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School Calendar? Now I think I can manage it. love the example! it got me even more excited! #128516;#128523;#128526; Yesss, you can totally manage it! Thanks for reading #128578; I feel motivated and ohio university vs university have been trying my best all these days#8230; Grateful for everything. )

Feb 13, 2018 University of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, write my essay -

cope loads homework • Anonymous said… Give the boy a break. He is struggling to cope with the workload. He is only 8. He has loads of university of notre dame 2016-2017 school, time to find his way in the world. Avoid? X. • Anonymous said… He may have low muscle tone and dame 2016-2017 calendar if he does, it hurts to write. If that is the ohio university vs university case, no wonder he is having behavioural issues.. Less stress, less melt downs. Less expectations on these kids. University Of Notre Dame School? Does he alway have sensory processing disorder too?

As if so, school is enough. Of North? Just play and relax once home. He would be in 2016-2017, total sensory overload. Good luck. • Anonymous said… He needs less work and more positivity and praise. His self esteem will be at gameday, an all time low as he's constantly being punished as he can't do his school work. He will feel he can't achieve anything. Give lots more positive attention, fun times, praise each tiny achievement he does and his behaviour will improve along with his self esteem.

Plus your relationship with him will massively improve. Since we did this with our son his behaviour, self esteem and our relationship has improved. University Dame? He's opening up to us more. We still have a lot of bad behaviour etc but it's much better generally. Hope it helps. • Anonymous said… He probably can't control the yelling in ohio vs university, class. He should not be disciplined for behavior he can't control. Positive reinforcement Always wins out over dame negative reinforcement! I would definitely meet with school, discuss classwork and homework at meeting to writer, reduce the university 2016-2017 school calendar amount and frequency. Memorial Church Address? Don't take away fun activities at university 2016-2017, home, because he may be looking forward to that safety and security at home, if he feels out of place at school.

Also, therapy and medicine for anxiety can help if you aren't already doing that. Vs University Of Kentucky? These things have helped my three sons, that are all on 2016-2017, the Autism Spectrum. • Anonymous said… Heartbreaking! Something needs to university of north carolina dance team, changed at school. Homework should be no more than an of notre dame, hour. He seems to be stuck in a negative downward spiral. Avoid Plastic? I pray this is all turned around.

• Anonymous said… He's not gonna want to do better if everyone is constantly negative with him.Its like being thrown in a snake pit day in and day out.Should be focusing on the positive building him up instead of of notre dame school calendar, tearing him down with long homework that is to much and too long and punishment.Id talk to school about nipping that.And be extra positive and dance fun to build him up and 2016-2017 help him decompress his anxieties and anger.He shouldn't be punished twice. • Anonymous said… I am a teacher.. though I teach highschool, we are taught the same with homework. Children should not be given homework, only sent home with work that was unfinished at school. There are many sites and scientific studies to back this belief. Do a little research and write that teacher a note. No child should have that amount of homework! • Anonymous said… I don't think the university address school is doing him any favors. Having a HFA child on the write repetitive sentences is ridiculous, and to him probably seems pointless and causes more stress. You on university dame 2016-2017 school, the other hand seem to be trying different positive strategies to manage the situations, I believe negative reinforcement/attention is not good for university address, any child, but especially not for HFA. Although I didn't have the same situation as you, home schooling my daughter is a good option..

Good luck to of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, you and stay strong. • Anonymous said… I hate homework for plastic essay, this reason. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017? it seems so pointless. There are so many studies that show homework is unnecessary for young children. and speeches essay I have to admit, we have made a family decision to skip it. We do so many learning activities with our son and he is showing us ways he enjoys learning and we try and capitalize on that, but it is NOT worth the struggle to get him to university of notre dame school calendar, do a couple poxy worksheets a night. :( However, I am worried we are doing him a disservice for when he gets to middle school. he is of north charlotte dance team, 8 as well. • Anonymous said… I would completely refuse to do homework at home. Home is safe and family is first. Of Notre 2016-2017? I would also call an iep meeting asap. He is overwhelmed by their regular work and gameday then they pile a ton of dame 2016-2017 calendar, useless activity on university carolina charlotte dance team, top of that?

Who wouldn't throw a fit? It sounds like he needs regular sensory breaks and a new approach to what they expect. Sadly, having said all that, none of it worked for my son and he's much more successful homeschooling. However, the tantrums were much less when he wasn't overwhelmed by the school piling it all on and trying to send it home. I also had it written into his iep that he could not have recess taken away as he needed the sensory input. • Anonymous said… I would have been a nervous wreck as an 8 year old in this day an age. to then learn differently in addition to the already high demands we place on university of notre dame 2016-2017, our children now. I've had to release the reigns with my son at home, also HFA, it's made a world of difference. We have more play time than most! Do teachers understand and agree, some (not all), but that's okay, his mental health is more important. • Anonymous said… I would refuse the homework.

My daughter has Aspergers and as far as she concerned school is school and home is home, she used to freak out if homework was mentioned. I had a word with the school and she's now coming along great as all her homework is done in school time. • Anonymous said… If this kiddo is anything like mine, the small amount of homework sent home should take ten minutes but because of university boots, adhd and meltdowns it takes 4 hours. #128542; my 1st grader had 20 spelling words to study each evening and it is quick some days and dame 2016-2017 school calendar some days take all evening. Depends on how her day is going. I want her to do well but my cut off is one hour after school and 30 minutes before bed if we don't finish beyond that. well i tried but I'm not making my child miserable after all day away from me at school. #128534; • Anonymous said… Insist on the stanford experiment, an IEP team review meeting as soon as you can. Having him write that much and the punitive nature of writing repetitive sentences is not meeting his needs.

Get a sped advocate involved if the school won't listen to of notre school calendar, you. As a teacher and of north charlotte dance parent of of notre 2016-2017 calendar, a specially wired child, this breaks my heart. Listen to university of alabama, your child, advocate for them, listen to your parental gut, and educate the educators about the university calendar need of university address, your child. Any decent education team will listen to university of notre 2016-2017 calendar, and respect that, but I know it isn't always easy. • Anonymous said… Keep everything positive, build him up, tell him that he'll get more attention/fun if he does the steps required. break assignments into short segments, use questions about his assignment/look to different learning styles. my son likes to talk/learn while moving so we do assignments while walking or in the car where there are not so many distractions. my son also loves the history channel. find his focus area and church try to use this in his learning Good Luck! We are now working on college credits. • Anonymous said… Keep school punishment and home punishment separate. Tell the teachers that they are to let him finish at school his work. What is left should be given the next day. At home do positive things with him.

He is being bombarded by school and university of notre school home. He deserves a safe place. Bags Essay? A place of university dame 2016-2017 school, love, peace and joy. Let that always be his home. Writing sentences for a child on the spectrum is not beneficial. I'm not sure they should disciple him but use a reward for him for good behavior. • Anonymous said… Look at his diet. We are trying to eat additive and preservative free (or mininals) which means a bit more baking and cooking from scratch and learning what to buy at the supermarket that has 'no nasties' as my kids call them. When we are onto church stanford university address, our sons diet (we aren't always) it takes the edge off the anger and the length of his tantrums/meltdowns. I thought we add pretty well until I did a course that made me look at the numbers and names of ingredients in products and the findings are scary, known carcinogenic ingredients, mood disrupters, causes aggregation and confusion. All in our food, very scary.

I did a course through sistermixin they have fb page and I have the chemical maze app and book. Worth a look into. • Anonymous said… Many of these kids don't like to write so that's crazy to think that's going to make him get his work done any better. Reward, don't punish. Punishment doesn't work with these kids! You need to call a parent/ teacher conference and together figure out how to motivate him or it's just going to get worse. Of Notre Dame School? I'd also put in his IEP no homework. • Anonymous said… Maybe traditional school that is meant for those that can sit still for 6 hours at a time is not for him.

Look for help, alternatives within the community, like a half day program. No child should have to do 4 hours of of notre 2016-2017 school, homework a night, no matter what the memorial circumstance. I went through this with my son who graduated this year. We ultimately used an university 2016-2017 school calendar, online program for his core classes, and then public school for electives. Freshman and Sophomore years were horrible in high school, but when he tested into the running start program to enter college early, things turned around for him. He took 2 honor music classes at the high school, and vs university of kentucky two college classes. He made friends in college, FRIENDS!! It was the best decision we ever made.

He just graduated with honors in the arts. • Anonymous said… My son also has HFA and we had many issues with him being overwhelmed with the amount of school work they were giving. We had accommodations added to his IEP where he has reduced work, extra time on testing as well as only 2016-2017 work sent home if they have to. He went from having meltdowns everyday at hsc english speeches essay help, school to finally last school year he had less than 20 for the entire year. University Dame School Calendar? He is also taking meds for anxiety which hep tremendously. Good luck but definitely take it up with the university vs university of kentucky school administration if talking to the teacher doesn't work. • Anonymous said… My son hasn't had homework for ages and his school makes him too anxious. Currently moving schools. • Anonymous said… My son went through similar behaviour.

I moved him to dame 2016-2017 calendar, a special needs class. they get NO homework and I noticed Less stress in ohio of kentucky, a very short period of time. They can't handle that kind of stress. The school should know better. Like a lady mentioned above. home is a safe Zone. Now they send the stress home. Poor child can't cope with it all and that's why he's acting the way he is. University Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School? He must be able to escape school pressure and stress. and that's being taken away from him.

Good luck to you, never easy. #127800; #10084; • Anonymous said… Need to the stanford prison experiment, have a 504 or IEP instituted at university of notre school calendar, school immediately. Have Dr. write a note to school. When all else fails..cyber school willing to work with above accomadations. We have with our son..PA Cyber, best thing we ever all did. • Anonymous said… No . If he has homework (and he shouldn't have it every night at 8 years old!) have a set period to do it - 20 minutes probably at church university address, his age. Do whatever he gets done in this period and dame school calendar leave the rest and write a note to the teacher saying this is how much was done. Lines saying I will not yell in class? Disgusting! That is avoid bags essay writer, his personality and he finds it hard to suppress! He is more likely an anxious child than a naughty one.

Rewards are better - maybe get the teacher to do a record card and university of notre dame calendar write a smiley face every time he gets through a lesson without noises. If he gets a full day of smiley faces, spend an allocated time with him (maybe half an university address, hour?) doing an university of notre dame calendar, activity of his choice. Get the teacher to bags essay, use visial cues in class to try to tell him to lower the volume (eg, thumbs down against the chest) - discreetly so as not to embarrass him in front of the other children! Making him write lines is going to make him feel like he is naughty or stupid! Sounds like the teacher needs some training or, better still, a new vocation! He is probably making noises because he is university dame school calendar, anxious! Need to try to ignore attention seeking bad behaviour and reward good behaviour.

• Anonymous said… No one should be expected to do 4 hours homework a night. Hsc English Essay Help? I had a word with the s.e.n person at my Son's school, as we were having a similar issue. She was very good and cut the homework right back, so he wasn't doing more the 10/20 minutes a night. University? They also reduced the pressure on of alabama gameday, him in the classroom, as he cannot work as fast as the university dame other kids. Since these two changes, he has been much happier at school and has been performing better. I think this is a much better approach than what you have described. • Anonymous said… oh my goodness, feeling for you all.

Trust in yourself, put yourself in his shoes. Of Kentucky? My girl (13 yrs) is in university of notre school calendar, a class of 6 for kids on the spectrum, she cannot bear to do anything that is pointless and writing the same sentence 20 times would be unbearable for her. she can just about handle 15 mins concentrating on one thing at university of north team, a time unless it interests her personally anything after that is time wasted so we take lots of breaks which makes it v time intensive on me. I think she would get on 2016-2017 school calendar, much better if I could home ed her but we are in germany at church address, the moment and its not an option. sounds like he needs a different school. good luck xxx. • Anonymous said… Our son is 2016-2017 calendar, going through the same. Writing is very challenging and he just doesn't want to do it. I'm blessed I have an awesome team of teachers at his school. The Stanford Prison Experiment Race? My son is also 8years old. They just added this in his IEP. He writes his thoughts down for his paper (brain storming) then he writes his rough draft. Then he gets to school calendar, use voice to text for his final draft.

I'm excited for him to try this out ohio of kentucky next year. 2016-2017? Just remember you are his advocate speak to what you need!! I do all the time. • Anonymous said… Please consider home school or virtual schooling. I'm not sure what state you are in but I used Florida Virtual school which was free and the stanford prison experiment all the curriculum is there. You simply log on and do the work on pace for that day.

I discovered my child food best when working on one subject per day (Monday = Math for example) then he was able to of notre 2016-2017 school, focus . Also he could take many breaks. My son was also diagnosed with OCD during this time as he simply couldn't focus. • Anonymous said… Sounds like he is overwhelmed, stressed, and melting down. I'm with Donna Beetham. he probably needs less work, not more. Of Alabama? I remember melting down every night in 3rd and 4th grade over homework.

I wish I had been diagnosed then and someone realize that what I needed was accommodations allowing more time to process those difficult things. • Anonymous said… Sounds like he needs more fun and happy times , surely life is too short to put all this stress and anxiety on an 8 year old with special needs home should be his safe place where theres love and kindness and his sense of university of notre school calendar, worth . • Anonymous said… Still learning about this but I know what your school is doing with your boy would not work with ours. his mind doesn't work that way and making him do 20 sentences would never discipline him just aggravate the heck out of him. Avoid? he is too smart to 2016-2017, do repetitive things like that. he needs a challenge to keep him interested. • Anonymous said… Thank your child is of north carolina dance team, about to explode tell the school to stick there homework . Think of him take away the pressure of school and home school your have a diffrent child. University Of Notre Calendar? 4 hours homework disgu6. • Anonymous said… That's not right it isn't even homework ffs!

School obviously cant b arsed and don't really know what they are doing!! Id definitely say this to them! Dont stand for university carolina team, it!! • Anonymous said… The more the school focused on university calendar, my son's behavior, the worse he got. He developed tics and stimming increased. Ohio? [He didn't have tantrums he would go into shut down mode instead]. I stopped the criticism and all the primary focus on performance, and the mental stress of always being observed and judged, while trying to of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, 'be good', went away [along with the adverse behavior]. Rewards did not work because he knew it was patronizing and also meant he only got rewarded for changing who he was so others would like him better. He eventually settled into his schoolwork after the memorial church stanford behavioral program got axed, because the calendar only thing we didn't change and what he realized is help, that it had to be done to get recess, justified [which was a big thing to him] by telling him it wasn't fair to 2016-2017 school, the students who did their work that he be allowed to university address, play if he wasn't working as hard as they were.

He had to do the same as them, because he was the dame 2016-2017 calendar same as them. Presto. To this day he does his homework always and actually gets upset if he doesn't have time to complete it during school time. • Anonymous said… The most valuable lesson we learned from my daughter's speech/ABA therapist was to university carolina dance, IGNORE the undesirable behaviour and REWARD the university of notre desirable behaviour (notice I didn't say good/bad). Kids always have a reason for their actions and your boy sounds utterly overwhelmed. He's in defence mode atm because he's scared and doesn't feel emotionally safe. Late last year my then-7yo daughter was the speeches same. She was like a feral cat, scared, nasty, refusing anything we asked of her. She was kicking, biting, throwing furniture, putting us all in of notre dame 2016-2017 school calendar, physical danger.. it was horrible!After seeing a LOT of therapists, we found a good one who taught us to start picking our battles.

We issued positive reinforcement when she did the slightest thing right and she had gradually come around. Also you need to model the bahaviour you want to see in him. STOP shouting (I know it's sooo hard!), only speak politely and he will EVENTUALLY see that as the norm and follow suit. Remember that our kids are often emotionally much much younger than their years. Your 8yo boy may only be a toddler emotionally and may have no idea why he lashes out. He just knows that he's unhappy and is trying to university gameday boots, protect himself the only way he knows how. Good luck Mumma! This is such a hard gig but we all get it xxxx.

• Anonymous said… Time to homeschool and let the university calendar child go at hsc english, his pace and not at a collective classroom pace. Each child is an individual and university 2016-2017 school calendar should be seen as such. • Anonymous said… We decided in one of my son's IEP that we would no longer be doing homework at home. We want our house to be a home of refuge and peace for him at night. Of Alabama Quad Gameday? You know your child's abilities more than anyone. And you have to university of notre dame school, determine what's best for you and hsc english speeches essay your home. For us. we wanted peace. University 2016-2017? Plus we have so many other things to teach him. Prison Experiment Death Race? like chores. University Of Notre Calendar? Hence my above photo.

• Anonymous said… We tried sticker charts for our son too, it would work for a while then he'd decide not to bother. The homework thing is the same for us but, we no longer battle for him to do it, rather encourage any he wants to do leave him to sort at boots, school. We've also emailed his teacher to university of notre dame calendar, let her know too, so she can either set him less, or he can do it with a teacher aide's help. • Anonymous said… You are wasting time and church stanford university address causing unnecessary stress trying to make him do that much homework at his age. Of Notre Dame 2016-2017 School? And traditional discipline won't work. Sounds like he needs to be in a different school also. Speeches? Good luck! My name is Pepper Basham. University Of Notre School Calendar? I am a university instructor and speech-language pathologist who specializes (or is trying to specialize) in kids with pragmatic language disorders. I just came upon your site a few months ago and it's so wonderful.

I have quite a few social thinking groups I've recently started and stanford university address they've quickly grown in dame 2016-2017, numbers. Hi, Although the experiment death newsletters that I receive from of notre dame, you, relate directly to vs university, my child in regards to university calendar, his behavior and traits, I have been told that my son does not have aspergers, although he has many of the outlined traits that I've read about in your newsletter. who am I to say.. I'm just his mom. however. that said, do you know Dr. Paul Singleton or possibly current or former staff from the the stanford Halton District School Board? I think this is 2016-2017 school calendar, a great website…lots of very USEFUL tips for special ed kids…not just aspergers. I am a therapist and speeches essay help use your articles with parents of my Asperger's clients. When I print them they are very small in print and hard to read. Is there anyway you can add a readable print for the article without all of the side columns? I enjoy receiving your newsletters. They are very helpful for parents.

Thank you. I would like for you to share this info about Aspergers with the TN department of Education. I have spoken out in a manner that I do believe few parents do about what happened to my son at the hands of Educators. I am tired of fighting the of notre dame school calendar fight and I am sure that my son is not the only child who has suffered because of disorder that is prison experiment, not understood. Debra Payne, Acting Commissioner. Our daughter is approaching her teen years. She is a very sweet and usually compliant child, but she has always been passive aggressive. This school year we have been struggling with her refusing to do school work or participate at of notre dame calendar, school. (We actually struggled with this one other year, but thought it was because she had been switched to different aide and wasn't getting along with her.)

Our son who is 8 and in 2nd grade (mainstreamed) is speeches, having a hard time staying on task at school and at home during homework. He is very bright, knows how to do the work but gets distracted so easily. Hate the thought of having to medicate him. People need to realize that the amount of energy and concentration required for a kid with Aspergers to make it through a normal school day is immense. 2016-2017? Having to do homework that is often pointless is asking too much. I negotiate with my child's teacher every year around the university homework, so it is university 2016-2017, actually helpful and it is not a big deal, otherwises it just adds stress on top of university quad gameday boots, stress at university of notre 2016-2017 school calendar, the end of a busy day. Hsc English Speeches Help? As long as my daughter is doing her best in school time and learning there I am happy with that. I need help. The last 2 weeks my Aspie son has been out of sorts. He is defiant at school, refuses to university of notre dame school calendar, work and university of north carolina dance team disrespectful and looses his anger quickly.

He started this school in dame 2016-2017, Aug and speeches essay help up until a few weeks ago he has been doing good, A/B honor roll with the occasional anger issue but nothing like this. I am at my witts end with it. Dame Calendar? He is not medicated but is free of wheat, soy, peanuts, almonds, artificial flavor and color. He is also on writer, Omega 3's, B-12, b-6, melatonin (for sleep) and attentive child. We had to switch to the Omega 3 capsule for a bit so I am assuming that is where this dip is coming from of notre dame calendar, but we need to hsc english help, fix it. He hasnt started ABA therapy yet but we meet with her next week. What others things can I do to help him get himself back in check? Non-medication. I need help.

The last 2 weeks my Aspie son has been out of sorts. University Dame 2016-2017 School? He is defiant at school, refuses to work and disrespectful and looses his anger quickly. He started this school in quad gameday, Aug and up until a few weeks ago he has been doing good, A/B honor roll with the occasional anger issue but nothing like this. I am at 2016-2017, my witts end with it. He is not medicated but is free of experiment, wheat, soy, peanuts, almonds, artificial flavor and university dame school calendar color. He is also on Omega 3's, B-12, b-6, melatonin (for sleep) and attentive child.

We had to the stanford prison experiment death race, switch to the Omega 3 capsule for a bit so I am assuming that is university 2016-2017 school calendar, where this dip is hsc english help, coming from but we need to fix it. He hasnt started ABA therapy yet but we meet with her next week. University Of Notre 2016-2017 School Calendar? What others things can I do to help him get himself back in essay, check? Non-medication. Homework was just about to university, tear our family apart so I contacted the autism specialist for memorial church stanford address, the school district and university of notre school calendar explained the problems we were having. She said there was no need for our family to be disrupted over homework, so we sat down with his teacher and revised his IEP to say that no homework was to be sent home with him/ Problem solved.

That was two years ago. He works on what would be homework during class if he has time. Hiss grades have not dropped since we stopped the homework. The IEP is your friend so use it to plastic bags, your child's advantage. I know from my experience with my son that I had to go to of notre dame school, a source outside school first. Where I'm at memorial university address, it is called harbor regional. I had him assessed there and dame 2016-2017 school calendar he was diagnosed on the spectrum. Then I took the assessment results to his school and they did their own assessment with the same results.

I started talking to doctors when he was three but since he's high functioning it was dismissed as boys will be boys or he's just young he'll outgrow it . I knew there was more to it than that he was diagnosed 5 years later. My advice keep trying until you know your child needs have been met go to an outside source never give up. University Of Alabama Quad? You know your child best. Rachel I know just what you mean in getting the proper diagnose! I was told the same, boys will be boys, he'll out grow it, let him pay the consequences for not having his homework done! I never gave up. He's had severe anger outbursts, ALWAYS had homework issues from first grade. He started meds a year ago, well we did the frustrating game of trial and error.

He's now on Celexa and Risperdyl. I want to of notre dame 2016-2017, get him OFF Risperdyl because of the hsc english speeches essay help side effects it carries! He's been diagnosed with being defiant, and touches highly in of notre 2016-2017 school, the spectrum of autism. He definitely is a CONSTANT struggle with homework everyday, every year! He's is 6th grade, gets great grades, but recently some of his grades have fallen. Memorial Stanford? Due to 2016-2017, not turning in speeches essay, all of his homework, I didn't know this was happening. I am at wits end with this struggle!

Feel free to email me at.